AKADEMSKI PREGLED

ORGANIZATIONAL PREREQUISITES AND ANALYTICAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 112 EMERGENCY CALL E-SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

Ilija Racić — 2025-12-30

The goal of the research, the results of which are presented in this paper, was to identify, scientifically describe, classify and partially explain the organizational changes that are necessary for the establishment of the 112 emergency call system, and to point out the analytical importance of reporting and information in emergencies in the Republic of Serbia. Given the fact that the 112 emergency call system has not been seriously analyzed in domestic scientific and professional literature, the paper presents the results of the research, which was aimed at finding an answer to the question: "Can the functioning of the police organization, fire-rescue organizations, and emergency medical services in the Republic of Serbia (and in what way) be improved by its organizational adjustment based on the consistent application of the emergency call system 112". The results of such directed theoretical-empirical research presented in this paper confirmed the point of view according to which appropriate adjustment of functiona, structural element, as well as timely and relevant analytical reporting and information, create a necessary prerequisite for effective and efficient establishment and application of the emergency call system in the Republic of Serbia. The scientific justification of the research derives from its expected results, which can: 1) contribute to the deepening and expansion of scientifically verified knowledge in the field of criminal-police, security, and organizational scientific disciplines, 2) indicate the directions, areas, and topics of future scientific researches and 3) enrich the methodological practice of scientific research of the organization and proactive functioning of the police, fire-rescue units and emergency medical services in modern conditions.

MANAGEMENT IN THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH SYSTEM

Violeta Đorđević — 2025-12-30

Management within the occupational safety and health (OSH) system is based on a structured approach to planning, directing and controlling processes to preserve employees' health and safety. This process occurs under specific working conditions and requires continuous adaptation to social, technological, and legislative changes. Management activities involve risk analysis, hazard assessment, and implementing preventive measures by applicable laws and standards. A key role is played by various stakeholders – from institutions and organizations to individuals – whose interaction significantly contributes to the system's overall effectiveness. Of particular importance is the influence of the individual within the OSH system. Every employee, through their behavior, awareness, and sense of responsibility, can directly impact the safety of their colleagues. This influence operates on multiple levels: toward an individual (e.g., mentoring or hazard alerting), within a group (through teamwork and the sharing of best practices) and at the organizational level (by establishing a safety culture within the workplace). In doing so, individual actions contribute not only to personal protection but also to the reinforcement of the broader OSH system. The focus of this paper is to explore the significance of management in the field of occupational safety and health, as well as its impact on the reduction of occupational risks and the improvement of working conditions. The research findings contribute to a deeper understanding of management practices that support a sustainable and resilient employee protection system.

THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY ON INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Iris Bjelica Vlajić — 2025-12-30

Economic diplomacy as we know it today belongs to the younger types of this activity, although the first international agreements were concluded for the purpose of trade, contributing to the peaceful resolution of disputes and, indirectly, peace and security in the world. The importance of economic diplomacy was recognized by the most developed countries of the world in the mid-20th century and they paid special attention to the selection of personnel. The specificity of this field is that it includes diplomacy and international law and international trade, as well as various actors (states, companies, local communities, non-governmental organizations). After World War II, a large number of international organizations were founded with the aim of maintaining international peace and security. With the development of new technologies that enable rapid money transfers and the globalization of the world market in recent decades, there has been a noticeable increase in organizations that have an economic character and are created with the aim of helping countries in certain regions or universally, in order to free themselves from the dominance of traditional powers and international institutions. The aim of the research is to determine and present the impact and significance that contemporary economic diplomacy has on changing relations between states, as it influences the existing rules in international relations. For this purpose, the methods of content analysis, historical and comparative methods, and induction and deduction methods were used. The results of the research show that the impact of economic diplomacy on international relations is great and that many states use specific means of economic diplomacy to achieve their political goals. After conducting the research, the conclusion is that the Republic of Serbia should pay attention to the development of economic diplomacy in order to more successfully protect its interests in multilateral diplomacy and international relations.

IMPACT OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON THE EFFICIENCY AND PERFORMANCE OF COMPANIES

Dejan Antanasković — 2025-12-30

Pervasive ICT, the knowledge economy, and intense global competition define the business landscape in the 21st century. Long-term sustainability for companies hinges on continuously boosting competitiveness through increased efficiency and profitability. This paper explores how Blockchain technology influences management quality, reduces operating costs, and enhances overall competitiveness. Initially known for cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Blockchain is now increasingly vital for improving business and management efficiency. Through extensive research, the authors found that decentralization, transparency, and enhanced security — core benefits of Blockchain — significantly improve decision-making across all management levels and optimize business processes. The ultimate outcomes are reduced costs, greater operational efficiency, increased profitability, and sustainable development. Therefore, Blockchain technology is a crucial factor shaping future management and business practices in our dynamic global environment.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION CHANNELS IN THE DEFENSE AGAINST HYBRID THREATS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Marija Popović — 2025-12-30

In the modern security environment, hybrid threats represent a complex and multidimensional challenge for national and international security systems. These threats include coordinated activities that include cyber-attacks, disinformation campaigns, psychological operations and mass media manipulation, all aimed at undermining stability and trust in institutions. Due to the lack of material resources and adequate technology, these phenomena are significantly more frequent in developing countries compared to the countries of the Western world, whose security structure is digitally superior. In this context, the role of communication channels becomes vitally important for timely detection, response and recovery from such threats. The aim of this paper is to analyze the importance and dimensions of communication channels in defense strategies against hybrid threats, with a focus on institutional, public and cross-sectoral aspects of communication. Using the methodology of a systematic literature review and analysis of case studies, the work identifies key forms of communication: inter-institutional coordination, strategic public communication and intelligence exchange. The author especially emphasizes the synergistic action of digital and traditional media, the role of artificial intelligence in the detection of narratives and the importance of coordination between state, non-governmental and international actors. The results indicate that resistance to hybrid threats depends on the ability to establish a multi-layered, dynamic and technologically strengthened communication infrastructure. The paper offers recommendations for improving strategic communication, including the development of standardized protocols, investing in analytical tools and strengthening the digital literacy of citizens.

CONSUMER PSYCHOLOGY – SCIENCE AND PRACTICE THE INFLUENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROMARKETING ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

Snježana Stanišić — 2025-12-30

Behavioral economics deals with the relationship between emotions and mental frameworks that influence consumer decision-making. The essence of this discipline lies in the ability to assess the value of a particular event and to choose between different options. Research conducted in this and related areas deepens the understanding of consumer psychology, providing practical insights for marketers and sellers who aim to adapt their products and marketing activities to the psychological states of consumers. Based on the findings of how consumers make decisions on a subconscious level – regarding what to buy, where to buy, and when to buy – a new scientific discipline has emerged in marketing: neuromarketing. The main task of neuromarketing is to determine the factors that influence a consumer’s decision to purchase a specific product or service. This paper focuses on the consumer, their reactions, relationships, and emotions in various situations to which they are frequently exposed. To support this, a survey was conducted among a number of consumers, who responded to questions that were predominantly psychological in nature.
Key words: Consumer psychology, neuromarketing, emotions, behavioral economics

PUBLIC SECURITY AND CRIMINAL LAW - LIMITS IN RESTRICTING THE RIGHTS OF CITIZENS

Filip Mirić — 2025-12-30

The fundamental function of criminal law is to protect the most important social values from injury or endangerment. Apart from this protective role, which accompanies the public security system, on the other hand, criminal law also protects the basic rights and freedoms of citizens. This protection also applies to the public security system, both to persons deprived of their liberty and to society as a whole. The subject of the paper is the analysis of the analysys the content of laws and by-laws related to the public security system and the rights of citizens, taking into account the protective function of criminal law and its role in the system of positive law and legal sciences. From this specific subject of work, its goal also follows. Namely, the aim of this paper is to point out the importance of respecting the rights and freedoms of citizens in present legal order. This is the only true guarantee of a democratic society.

THE ROLE OF SMART FITNESS DEVICES WITH AI IN OBESITY PREVENTION AND HEALTH MONITORING

Vesna Radojčić — 2025-12-30

Modern lifestyle, the abundance of high-calorie food, and the lack of physical activity have led to a global increase in obesity rates. In this context, the development of smart fitness equipment powered by artificial intelligence (AI) represents significant potential for enhancing physical activity, monitoring health parameters, and providing personalized guidance for weight loss and fitness improvement. This paper explores the functionalities and advantages of AI-equipped fitness devices, including physiological parameter monitoring, motion analysis through computer vision, detection of improper exercise execution, and automated adjustment of training plans. Special attention is given to the role of these technologies in obesity prevention among adults, as well as their potential for early detection of health risks. In addition to the literature review, the paper incorporates a practical case study conducted in Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where AI-integrated smart fitness equipment is already in use. This example illustrates the real-world implementation of such technologies and highlights their relevance for improving public health outcomes. Through a combined methodological approach, the paper examines actual and practical examples of successful applications of AI-powered fitness systems and discusses the challenges of their broader implementation within the context of public health.

LEGAL AND ETHICAL CHALLENGES OF SURROGATE MATERNITY: LEXICOLOGICAL ASPECT, COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND REGULATORY PERSPECTIVES

Maida Bećirović-Alić — 2025-12-30

Contemporary society and the transformations of the traditional family have brought with them the appearance of new phenomena that open numerous legal, ethical and social issues, especially regarding non-traditional forms of marriage and motherhood. One of the most complex and controversial forms of biomedically assisted reproduction is surrogate motherhood, i.e. contractual birth of a child for another person or couple. Although it represents hope for many who cannot become parents naturally, this institute is legally prohibited in numerous countries and in certain cases subject to criminal liability - depending on whether it is an altruistic or commercial form of surrogacy. The legislator must especially take into account the fact that this form of birth for many couples represents the only possibility to have a child with whom they would be genetically related, however, commercial surrogate motherhood increases the risk of instrumentalization and creation of a business, which violates the dignity of surrogate mothers for the sake of a certain fee, which aims exclusively at earnings. This paper analyzes the normative challenges of surrogacy, shedding light on the ethical dilemmas that accompany it, as well as the need to establish a clear legal framework - both at the national and international level. Comparative legal analysis points to significant differences in the approach to this phenomenon, while at the same time emphasizing the necessity of unification and harmonization of legal norms in order to prevent abuses and suppress reproductive tourism.

ECONOMIC POLICY IN CONDITIONS OF GEOPOLITICAL SHOCKS – EXPERIENCES OF SERBIA

Ljiljana Jović — 2025-12-30

This paper presents an overview of economic policy, primarily in the areas of trade and finance, during three major geopolitical crises: the Customs War (1906–1911), United Nations sanctions followed by EU and US sanctions (1992–2000), and the war in Ukraine (2022–present), with reference also to the COVID crisis. The aim of the paper is, by using the comparative-historical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, along with relevant statistical indicators, to identify measures that may be crucial in modeling economic policy under conditions of external shocks. The research results indicate that economic policy, under external geopolitical shocks, is not capable of independently maintaining the economy on a growth trajectory. It is therefore necessary to take into account the broader socio-political context.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A CHALLENGE TO COPYRIGHT LAW

Jovan Šarac — 2025-12-30

The authors of this paper examine whether creations generated by artificial intelligence based on user prompts and instructions can be considered copyrightable works, and whether existing copyright limitations provide a sufficient legal basis for using copyrighted works to train AI systems. It is well known that generative AI, based on brief user inputs and instructions, can produce various forms of content such as text, sound, photographs, drawings, videos, and more. The result can resemble a literary, musical, visual, or cinematic work. However, AI operates through a form of statistical prediction and, as such, cannot imprint its own specific and individual mark on its creations, simply because it is not a human being and lacks an individual spirit. Considering this, such creations are not regarded as copyrighted works. Furthermore, legislation and legal literature generally agree that an author is a natural person who has created a work. The authors assess that this fundamental principle of copyright law is unlikely to be challenged in the foreseeable future. As for copyright limitations—at least within our legal system—they alone do not constitute a sufficient legal basis for training AI systems. Regarding the use of copyrighted works for AI training purposes, the authors conclude that model developers must obtain permission from rights holders or strictly adhere to one of the existing statutory copyright exceptions.

THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF FINANCIAL LITERACY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Žana Janković — 2025-12-30

The study investigates the imperative of transforming education and consumer literacy within the context of rapid technological, economic, and social changes in the 21st century. It analyzes the gap between outdated educational models and the demands for competencies necessary to function under the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, with a particular emphasis on financial literacy as a key element of economic empowerment. The study views education as a dynamic, ecological system that requires the collective responsibility of all stakeholders. Through a synthesis of the literature, it highlights the necessity of developing critical thinking, adaptability skills, and the capacity for lifelong learning. The results indicate a direct link between financial knowledge, attitudes, and responsible behavior, as well as an alarmingly low level of financial literacy as a global problem with broad social consequences. The conclusion suggests that a systemic reform of education, focused on the practical application of knowledge and the early acquisition of financial competencies, is crucial for preparing individuals for the future and building a more sustainable and equitable society

CHALLENGES IN THE PROCESS OF RESOCIALIZATION OF CONVICTED PERSONS DURING THE EXECUTION OF PRISON SENTENCES

Biljana Dimitrić — 2025-12-30

The resocialization of convicted persons represents one of the key objectives of contemporary penal systems; however, its implementation in practice is often limited by institutional, psychological, and post-penal barriers. This paper analyzes the theoretical differences between rehabilitation and resocialization, as well as the obstacles arising within correctional institutions (lack of individualized programs, staff overload, prison subculture), and psychological factors affecting the motivation, identity, and mental health of convicted persons. Particular attention is given to the impact of the duration of imposed prison sentences (short-term, long-term, and life imprisonment) on the success of inmate resocialization. The final section examines post-penal support and reintegration into the family and community, with an emphasis on stigmatization and employment barriers. The paper is based on a theoretical-analytical and comparative approach, using analysis and synthesis of relevant domestic and international literature in the fields of criminology, penology, and psychology. The aim of the paper is to highlight the limitations of the existing prison sentence execution system and the possibilities for improving resocialization through a systemic and interdisciplinary approach.

DIGITAL MEDIA ADDICTION AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON OF MODERN SOCIETY

Slađana Vujičić — 2025-12-30

Contemporary society is characterized by the intensive use of digital media, which increasingly influence the everyday functioning of individuals and social groups. Although we are aware that the use of digital technologies offers numerous advantages in the fields of communication, education, and information, their excessive and uncontrolled use can lead to the emergence of digital addiction as a significant social problem. The aim of this paper is to analyze digital media addiction as a social phenomenon of modern society, with particular emphasis on its prevalence, forms of manifestation, and the perception of the consequences of excessive digital media use among individuals. The empirical research was conducted on a sample of 105 respondents of different genders, ages, and levels of education. The study analyzed respondents’ attitudes toward the time spent on digital media, habits of using the internet, social networks, and mobile devices, as well as perceptions of the impact of digital media on social relationships, work and academic efficiency, and psychosocial well-being. The research results indicate that a significant proportion of respondents exhibit elements of problematic digital media use, with excessive use of social networks and smartphones identified as the most common forms. Respondents recognize the negative consequences of digital addiction, particularly in the domains of interpersonal relationships, concentration, and time management. The findings confirm that digital addiction represents a complex social phenomenon that requires an interdisciplinary approach and systematic preventive measures.