IJEEC - INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING AND COMPUTING

Blockchain Adoption in Aviation: Opportunities and Challenges

M. O. Momoh, K. O. Shobowale, Z. M. Abubakar, B. Yahaya, Y. Ibrahim — Fri, 05 May 2023 00:00:00 +0200

In the world of aviation, current evidence suggests that data management systems are majorly centralized and at the same time suffer some noted shortfalls. Whereas, under this system of operation, it is hard to guarantee trust, especially data provenance, in addition to other shortfalls. More so, there are issues of lack of sufficient governance of data immutability, transparency, auditability, and traceability; which present debilitating drawbacks to the current regime of centralized data management systems in aviation industries. Blockchain as a new normal disruptive technology promises potency and reliability in data trust, traceability, transparency, auditability, and immutability. Blockchain further emphasizes immutability for stored and exchanged data, in transaction environments, in a decentralized and secure manner. That is, in a manner whereby a trusted third-party involvement is not required. For this reason, this paper discusses and highlights the key characteristics that differentiate and denominate Blockchain. It dwells more upon Blockchain application in aviation, in its several sectors such as passenger verification, In-flight Entertainment (IFE) Monetization, Smart Contract, Digital Identity, Distribution, Payment, and so on. Also, the paper did not conclude without pointing out areas of inconclusive research in Blockchain technology to stimulate further research studies leading to new understanding, knowledge, ideation, and idea incubation.

Condition, Development, Potential and Application of Electronic Treatment

Stefan Kirilov Kartunov, Milan Vesković — Fri, 05 May 2023 00:00:00 +0200

The report provides a historical overview of the topic, examines the physical basis of electron beam production, thermal emission and treatment area, types of electron beam treatments and the state of technology, types, development and potential of equipment and its application in practice. The advantages and disadvantages are analyzed and the main conclusion is made that the wavelength of the beam determines and is commensurate with the resolution and size of the processed components.

Speed Control of BLDC Motor With Ripple Effect Reduction Using Recurrent Wavelet Neural Networks

Romanela Lajić, Petar Matić — Wed, 10 May 2023 00:00:00 +0200

The interest in research and use of the Brushless DC (BLDC) motor has increased significantly over the last few years, due to development of electric vehicles (EV) as well as to its use in other growing areas. With further predicted growth of the EV industry, it is expected that the BLDC motor will become even more significant. BLDC motor is a highly nonlinear, dynamic system, which in terms of its control makes tuning of controllers difficult, especially when high precision is required. Because of its operating principle BLDC motor also has issues with torque ripple which affects the speed response in a speed controlled system. In this paper an intelligent controller that combines a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with a recurrent wavelet neural network is proposed. By using an intelligent controller, as an adition to a standard PID, the approximation ability of neural networks is used not only to deal with the nonlinearity of the system, but also to reduce the torque ripple influence on the speed response. By computer simulations it is verified that the proposed controller is able to completely neutralize the ripple effect and achieve good transient speed response. It is also shown that improved robustness against load disturbance compared to the system containing only a PID controller is achieved.

Subsystem With Ultrasonic and Passive Infrared Sensors for Pedestrian Detection

Fri, 05 May 2023 00:00:00 +0200

Despite the rapid development of technologies for the detection of pedestrians in traffic, there are still significant problems with automated vehicle management systems. Often these problems are caused by different external conditions, weather disasters, different light levels, day and night, and more. All these factors can affect the incorrect assessment of the system and the performed detection of the pedestrian object. Pedestrian fatalities have risen recently, even as vehicles are equipped with sophisticated avoidance technology. Vehicle-based sensors can fail to identify pedestrians especially when those pedestrians are small, too far or too close to the vehicle, or partially occluded by nearby objects. Pedestrians have variable physical characteristics and appear in a variety of environments with different background features. The paper analyzes the possibilities and problems that arise in the detection and recognition of pedestrians. Pedestrian safety is one of the important issues of traffic safety in urban areas. The application of various technologies in vehicles provides enormous opportunities to reduce accidents in which pedestrians are most often injured. The development of intelligent pedestrian recognition systems can be divided into two directions. Development of hardware part related to different types of sensors, and development of software part based on artificial neural networks and machine learning techniques. The paper analyzes various technologies used in pedestrian detection in automated vehicles with an emphasis on hardware development. A low-cost system based on two types of sensors, ultrasonic sensor and passive infrared, is proposed. Aspects of the application of such sensors with possibilities of implementation in complex computer vision systems are analyzed. The most common classes of sensors presently used in automated driving applications include visible-light cameras (VLC), light detection, and ranging (LiDAR).

An Analytical Design Method of PI and PID Controllers for Industrial Series Cascade Processes With Time Delay Under Robustness Constraints

Marko Č. Bošković, Ivan G. Prelić, Tomislav B. Šekara — Wed, 10 May 2023 00:00:00 +0200

In this paper, an analytical method is proposed to design Proportional-Integral (PI) and Proporional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers for two-stage industrial series cascade processes with transport delay under robustness constraints. The main rationale behind using series cascade control structure is that the disturbances in the inner loop are suppressed by the secondary controller before being transmitted to the outer loop. The presented design procedure consists of two steps: In the first step, the controller Cb(s) in the inner loop is designed, while in the second step the controller Ca(s) in the outer loop is obtained. The obtained controller is of PI or PID-type structure depending on the number of selected terms used in Maclaurin’s approximation of the transfer function of the high-order controller. By specifying the robustness constraints within design procedure one define values of adjustable parameters to achieve compromise between robustness and performance indicators. The result is efficient suppression of load disturbances, evaluated by the integral of the absolute error (IAE). The step reference response can be additionally reshaped by using Two Degree of Freedom – 2DoF control structure via suitable selection of set-point weighting factor b, 0≤b≤1, which acts on the control signal through displaced proportional action of the controller. The proposed design method is analyzed with simulations on wide class of typical representatives of industrial processes including stable, integral and unstable processes with time delay. A comparison with recent studies shows the effectiveness of the proposed tuning method for industrial cascade processes.

The Hazard of Electric Field Increment in the Damaged Silicon-Rubber and Porcelain Insulators

Asaad Shemshadi, Pourya Khorampour — Wed, 10 May 2023 00:00:00 +0200

In power transmission lines, it is necessary to isolate the inherent voltage parts from each other and from zero potential. An insulator is defined as having a high degree of electrical insulation between the conductors and the brackets. Insulators also allow for mechanical conductivity of the conductor and ground. The presence of a broken insulator can alter the stress distribution. In this paper, the effect of mechanical insulation cracking (chattering) on electric field in two common types of insulators (porcelain and silicone rubber) and electric potential distribution models are analyzed. First, the electric field and electric potential patterns in the solid insulator are examined. In the following, the insulator is assumed to be broken, and the electric field and electric potential patterns for a broken insulator relative to the basic insulator shape are illustrated and compared. The results show that the presence of insulation cracking under dry and environmentally benign conditions affects the stress distribution pattern within and around the insulator. Finally, a comparison between the effect of fracture on the electric field and the potential distribution patterns in different parts of the insulator is discussed in detail.