JOURNAL TTTP - TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE

Assessment of critical headway estimation methods across multiple unsignalized intersections

2026-07-15T12:28:37+02:00

Driver behavior under local conditions has a significant influence on the value of accepted headways required for performing minor maneuvers. In operational analyses and the design of unsignalized intersections, driver behavior is quantified through the value of the critical headway. It is assumed that the critical headway represents the shortest headway that a driver is willing to accept. Since it is not possible to measure the critical headway directly from field observations, measurement results are processed using application software and mathematical tools. To determine the critical headway at three priority intersections in the urban area of the city of Doboj, six different methods were applied: Harders’, Logit, Lag, Raff’s, Wu’s, and the Maximum Likelihood method. In order to identify which of the applied methods provides the best solution for the analyzed intersections, a comparative analysis was conducted between the theoretically obtained capacity values and the actual measured capacity value. The Lag method was the most suitable for intersection I1, the Maximum Likelihood method was chosen for intersection I2, while the Raff method was selected for intersection I3.

Impact of traffic safety law amendments on fatal road traffic injuries in the Republic of Srpska: a before–after analysis

2026-07-15T12:38:10+02:00

Road traffic injuries remain a major contributor to premature mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This study quantified the burden of premature mortality attributable to road traffic injuries in the Republic of Srpska by calculating Years of Life Lost (YLL) and Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL), and assessed changes following the 2021 amendments to traffic safety legislation. A quasi-experimental before–after design compared the periods 2011–2020 and 2021–2024. Mortality data were sourced from official demographic statistics and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The results indicate a substantial decline in premature mortality. The mean number of road traffic deaths decreased by 27.9%, while YLL and PYLL were reduced by approximately 70%. Reductions occurred across all age groups, with the most pronounced decline among individuals aged 15-24 years and among vulnerable road users, particularly pedestrians and bicyclists. The Haddon matrix was used as the primary analytical framework, organizing findings across pre-crash, crash, and post-crash phases. The observed changes were primarily associated with system-level interventions in the pre-crash phase, particularly legislative and enforcement measures. Improvements in crash and post-crash determinants also likely contributed to reduced mortality. In conclusion, the reduction in premature mortality observed after 2021 is temporally associated with legislative amendments and aligns with a broader system-based road safety framework rather than isolated policy measures. Further research is warranted to quantify the contribution of individual interventions and to assess long-term trends.

Transport costs in road transport as a determinant of macroeconomic price trends

2026-07-15T12:46:27+02:00

Road transport plays a central role in supply chains; without efficient logistics, domestic and international markets cannot function smoothly. Transport and logistics costs affect final prices because changes in service tariffs and energy inputs are transmitted into production and distribution costs. This paper examines how road transport costs influence macroeconomic price formation through supply‑and‑demand mechanisms, focusing on the effects of fuel prices and demand for transport and logistics services on transport‑related price dynamics. The study uses monthly and quarterly secondary data from official sources: the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BHAS), the Statistical Office of the Republic of Srpska (RZS RS), the International Road Transport Union (IRU), Eurostat, and BIHAMK. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and a simple regression model (implemented in Excel) to assess the intensity and direction of the relationship between fuel prices and the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Results indicate a statistically significant relationship between fuel prices and CPI movements, while several logistics variables could not be fully examined due to limitations in data availability and inconsistent time frequencies. Multiple regression was not applied for the same reasons. The model explains 55.6% of CPI variability (R² = 0.556), highlighting transport costs as an important channel in macroeconomic price dynamics and motivating further empirical research with longer, frequency‑aligned logistics series.

Unified Criteria for Damage Assessment – Theoretical Models, Methodological Framework and Application in Contemporary Practice

2026-07-15T15:34:29+02:00

Damage assessment represents a crucial component of legal, economic, technical, and insurance procedures; however, contemporary practice still demonstrates significant inconsistencies in assessment criteria, methodologies, and interpretation of results. Different sectors—including judicial systems, insurance, transportation, industry, construction, and digital security—apply their own assessment models that are frequently incompatible with one another, leading to inconsistent decisions, legal disputes, and reduced legal certainty.
The objective of this paper is to develop the concept of a unified interdisciplinary framework for damage assessment based on universal principles of objectivity, measurability, reproducibility, and transparency. The study examines existing damage assessment approaches through a comparative methodological analysis encompassing quantitative models (econometric, statistical, and engineering approaches), qualitative models (expert assessments, legal standards, and normative frameworks), and hybrid models integrating numerical and descriptive parameters.
Particular attention is devoted to identifying key variables influencing the final assessment outcome, including direct costs, indirect losses, loss of profit, temporal factors, escalation risk, and intangible effects. Based on this analysis, a universal assessment model is proposed that integrates standardized weighting coefficients and a multiparametric evaluation matrix.
The proposed framework consists of three levels of assessment: basic assessment (quantification of immediate damage), extended assessment (analysis of secondary consequences), and strategic assessment (long-term effects and risk projections). This structure enables the systematic application of unified criteria across different domains while preserving the specificity of individual cases. The principal contribution of the study lies in defining methodological guidelines that support the standardization of expert evaluations, reduce assessor subjectivity, and enhance the reliability of findings in judicial, administrative, and commercial proceedings.
The results indicate that implementing unified criteria significantly improves legal certainty, procedural efficiency, and cross-sector compatibility of assessments. It is concluded that methodological standardization of damage assessment represents a necessary step toward establishing a transparent and internationally harmonized system for evaluating harmful events, particularly in the context of globalization and digitalized economies. The paper also provides recommendations for institutional implementation of the proposed model through regulatory standards, professional protocols, and specialized training of assessors.

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Knowledge of International Transport Documentation Among Professional Drivers and Dispatchers

2026-07-15T15:41:55+02:00

This paper analyzes the level of knowledge of international transport documentation among professional drivers and dispatchers in Serbia, with a focus on the CMR, CEMT, EUR.1, and TIR documents. The research was conducted on a sample of 177 respondents through an online survey, and the collected data were processed using descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA analysis. The results show that professional drivers are significantly more familiar with documentation used in operational transport, while dispatchers possess better knowledge of administrative and customs-related documentation. Statistically significant differences were recorded based on job position, gender, age, level of education, and driver’s license category. The findings indicate the need for targeted training and harmonization of knowledge among employees in international road transport to reduce the likelihood of administrative errors and improve the efficiency and compliance of transport processes.

Improving Traffic Safety at Two-Lane Roundabouts Through Legal and Technical Regulatory Measures

2026-07-15T15:48:44+02:00

The title of the paper reflects the traffic-related issues associated with two-lane roundabouts, from the perspective of the level of service and traffic safety. Particular focus is placed on establishing traffic rules in two-lane roundabouts and eliminating ambiguities regarding the right of way of vehicles when exiting the circulatory roadway.The research results enable a higher level of quality in the training of new drivers, as well as in the work of police and judicial-prosecutorial authorities, which will contribute to improving traffic safety in roundabouts. In addition to proposing amendments and supplements to the legal framework, the research findings also provide guidelines for the technical regulation of traffic in two-lane roundabouts.

Multilevel Public Administration and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Governance in Sustainable and Mobile Urban Environments

2026-07-15T16:00:46+02:00

This paper examines the transformation of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) governance driven by digitalization, labor mobility, and the expansion of non-standard employment. It argues that OHS has evolved from a narrow regulatory function into a core pillar of sustainable development and public health resilience. While the European Union has embedded OHS as a fundamental social right, many developing economies remain trapped in a “cycle of neglect,” marked by weak regulatory capacity and high rates of workplace accidents. The study underscores the limitations of traditional command-and-control enforcement in fragmented labor markets shaped by platform work, subcontracting, and informal or bogus self-employment. These arrangements diffuse accountability and disproportionately expose vulnerable groups, particularly migrants and women, to occupational risks. The Pressures–Disorganization–Regulatory Failure (PDR) model is used to explain how such structural conditions contribute to adverse physical and mental health outcomes. The COVID-19 pandemic is identified as a catalyst for closer integration between OHS and public health surveillance, especially in dense urban settings. In response, emerging paradigms such as OSH 5.0 promote a human-centered, digitally enabled governance approach aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals and based on quadruple-helix collaboration among the state, industry, academia, and civil society. The paper concludes by proposing a strategic roadmap for Turkey, addressing the coexistence of advanced digital OHS systems and a large informal economy. Key recommendations include legal protections for migrant reporting, guidance-oriented inspections for SMEs, and the integration of health security indicators into Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans.

The eko2 line in belgrade as a contribution to the development of e-mobility in the city

2026-07-15T16:05:53+02:00

Buses powered by conventional fuel (diesel, CNG) are still the most common drive system in most cities of the world, including in Belgrade. The share of zero-emission buses, which primarily include electric-powered buses (E-bus), including the application of fuel cell and hydrogen technology, has a distinct upward trend in almost all developed cities of the EU and the world. Replacing conventional buses with zero-emission buses significantly contributes to the E-mobility strategy, which aims to decarbonize and reduce harmful gas emissions in cities originating from public transport vehicles. Electric buses have significantly higher energy efficiency compared to conventional buses, which is another reason for their use. The paper will present the environmental and energy effects of the use of electric buses in Belgrade on the EKO 2 line, which has been in operation since 2022, with an overview of the applied technology of E-bus, storing electricity, and charging infrastructure. At the end of the paper, a plan for the development of E-mobility of public transport in Belgrade is presented, which implies the introduction of a larger number of electric buses in the public transport system.

The effects of the preventive campaign “cautious drivers watch for level crossings “ on road traffic safety in the Republic of Srpska

2026-07-15T16:10:03+02:00

Railway level crossings represent critical points in the road traffic safety system, where serious incidents with severe consequences occur despite the presence of prescribed signaling. From 2021 to 2025, the Republic of Serbian implemented a multi-sector preventive initiative entitled ”Cautious Drivers Watch for Level Crossings”, aimed at raising awareness among road users and reducing the number of extraordinary events at railway crossings. This paper analyzes the effects of the campaign through statistical data on the number of fatalities and injuries, as well as through the results of monitoring driver and pedestrian behaviour at crossings with different levels of protection. Special emphasis is placed on the role of local communities and cooperation with institutions in identifying high-risk locations, eliminating unsafe railway crossings, and educating the public. The presented results highlight the importance of continuous communication, systemic cooperation, and consistent enforcement as prerequisites for improving safety at railway level crossings.

Analysis of Traffic Safety on the Laktasi – Klasnice 1 Road Section

2026-07-15T16:17:49+02:00

Road traffic safety represents one of the major challenges of modern society due to the significant negative consequences that traffic accidents have on human life, health and material property. The analysis of safety on specific road sections enables an objective assessment of safety conditions, identification of dominant accident causes, and recognition of hazardous locations, which provides a basis for improving road traffic safety. This paper analyses traffic safety on the main road M-1-101, specifically the Laktasi-Klasnice 1 road section, which is located on the territory of the City of Laktasi. The analysis covers the period from 2020 to 2022 and is based on statistical processing of traffic accident data, including their structure, consequences, and causes. The research analyzes the total number and structure of traffic accidents, the consequences per person (road users), the time distribution of accidents, as well as accident causes. In addition, traffic accidents were mapped and dangerous spots were identified, along with an assessment of public and traffic risk on the observed road section. The results indicate the presence of critical sections with an increased level of risk. The results obtained can serve as a basis for planning and implementing measures to improve traffic safety and reduce the number of traffic accidents and their consequences.