JOURNAL TTTP - TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORT THEORY AND PRACTICE

Component-Based Object Recognition Algorithm

Pavel Slivnitsin, Leonid Mylnikov, Egor Efimov — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The paper presents an approach to object recognition based on the hypothesis of representing objects using a set of geometric primitives and relations between them. The goal of the paper is to develop a method for object recognition in the environment, which allows to recognize objects based on their description. For this purpose, the following tasks are solved: the recognition of a set of geometrical objects (primitives), the estimation of relations between primitives and the search of correspondences between the found primitives and relations and the defined templates (descriptions objects). The set of geometric primitives is selected taking into account the nature of the subject area of the objects to be recognized. The paper presents object recognition examples through the use of the method proposed. As a result, the operability of the proposed object recognition method is confirmed. An object description method has been developed. For experiments, the images of primitives were used generated in the Blender 3D, as well as photos of primitives from the kid’s toy constructor. The primitive detection model was trained on a training sample consisting of 1000 artificial images and 50 real images. The research results can be applied in algorithms for recognizing traffic participants as well as traffic signaling objects

The Concept of Mobility and Global Challenges in Road Transport by 2050

Radovan Višković, Željko Đurić, Pavle Gladović — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

After collecting and processing of the facts, it is evident that today, 2.6 million posts of drivers remain unfilled in the countries covered by the survey with a tendency that this estimated number shall increase to 3 million. In data processing, the official data of the International Road Transportation Union IRU
have been used which are explicitly showing that a trend of «vacant» jobs and mobility challenges have been observed in all regions, except Eurasia. The least affected countries are Mexico and Argentina with 8.6% of truck driver vacancies, the exception being China, where the system is stable. In the paper, we deal with the issue of mobility in countries outside the EU, especially the countries of the Western Balkans where we have determined that the trend of drivers leaving for the EU is on the rise and will be especially instigated by continuous economic recovery of global GDP growth, persistent tensions in the supply and demand of road freight and decrease in available workforce of drivers as well as training and qualification challenges. To obtain the results of the work, we set the first hypothesis «lack of professional drivers is a global problem that directly affects the GDP», as well as the second hypothesis «EU directives and the lack of standards harmonisation in the countries outside the EU cause job positions of motor vehicle drivers being uncovered» In order to understand the set hypotheses, our work included extensive research and experience, whereas the methods used include: inductive and deductive methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of abstraction and concretization, methods of generalization and specialization, method of classification, method of description, method of compilation and comparative method. With the protocols, road transport operators have committed to become carbon neutral by 2050 through the IRU Green Compact
, the summary provides an overview of this research, focusing on the scenarios assessed and the recommended way forward. In short, which optimization model is the best for road transport operators to make Europe carbon neutral by 2050 on one hand and on the other, to meet the standards of the EU Directives on the mobility of workers, professional competences, skills and abilities, so to make the profession of a professional driver attractive for young people, and also to facilitate and remove the existing barriers that are visible. In conclusion, we confirmed and proved the set hypotheses with proposal for the measures at different levels and recommendations to eliminate or stop negative trends through comprehensive coordination.

Smart Mobility in Smart Cities

Valentina Mirović, Jelena Mitrović Simić, Milica Miličić, Nenad Ruškić — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Contemporary urbanization trends today are defined in accordance with the principles of sustainable development, aiming to create a balance between the need for increased mobility, economic progress, and environmental protection in cities. The increase in the world’s population therefore requires a new way of optimizing human movement and the transportation of goods. The concept of smart mobility emerged alongside smart cities. Smart cities represent urban environments where information and communication technologies are applied to increase the efficiency of the urban system, leading to constant exchange of information with the population to improve the level of services available in the city and enhance the quality of people’s lives. The concept of smart mobility represents a system that collects and processes data in real-time using various information and communication technologies to optimize travel, ultimately leading to reduced traffic congestion, emissions of harmful gases, increased traffic safety, and improved efficiency and effectiveness of the transportation system. This paper will define the concepts of smart cities and smart mobility, and through examples of good practices, implemented solutions of the smart mobility concept in European cities will be presented. Furthermore, the paper will also address the challenges of implementing smart mobility systems that may arise due to the complexity of transportation systems in cities.

Protection of Pedestrians from Collisions With Motor Vehicles

Dinko Mikulić, Željko Marušić, Zoran Injac, Boris Mikanović — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

New vehicle models must be homologated in accordance with EC regulations on pedestrian protection. In this article, an analysis of traffic accidents and pedestrian injuries was presented first, as a result of expert examinations, and then appropriate solutions are presented for the design of the front part of the vehicle with the aim of reducing serious injuries. The severity of injuries caused by a vehicle hitting a pedestrian depends mostly on the speed of the vehicle and the shape of the front part of the vehicle. Relevant indicators of vehicle collisions with pedestrians point to inappropriate speed and late detection of pedestrians by the driver. Current technology offers active prevention of vehicle collisions with pedestrians and mitigation of the consequences of a collision if one occurs. The tendency of the development of pedestrian protection is set on the development of combined active-passive protection. Based on the pedestrian protection criteria, the method of optimizing passive systems and the method of testing protection in accordance with European regulations is presented. These are, first of all, lift-up engine bonnet, the windshield and the pedestrian airbag, which can reduce fatal injuries. The Euro NCAP program publishes the results of testing new vehicle models with regard to pedestrian protection. This increases social awareness of the importance of using technology to protect pedestrians.

Analysis of Traffic Accidents Caused by Overcome and Left Turn Actions in a Situation When the Vehicles Have Been Moved from the Face of the Place, and There Are no Tracks Found on the Road - A Case Study

Goran Mihaljčić, Bojan Mihaljčić — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The basis for a high-quality analysis of a traffic accident lies in the detailed investigation documentation, which includes precisely defined fixed positions of the vehicle and associated tracks. However, we often face the problem when the participants after the accident move the vehicles from the scene of the event for the smooth flow of traffic, before the competent authorities carry out an investigation or the European accident report is filled out. An additional difficulty arises when there are no visible traces left on the road that could be linked to the place and manner of the accident, which makes it difficult for experts to provide expertise. In such situations, experts must apply non-standard accident analysis methods. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to present, through a practical example of the technical analysis of a real traffic accident, one of the approaches to traffic accident expertise that is characterized by the described problem. The subject of the work are traffic accidents caused by overtaking and left turning, as one of the most common situations in which vehicle collisions occur. The example shows the method of determining the location of a vehicle collision in a transverse sense, the creation of a time-space analysis, and the possibility of avoiding an accident in which the drivers moved the vehicles from the accident site, and no visible traces were left on the roadway.

Analyses of the Parking System in Velika Gorica

Marko Slavulj, Hrvoje Pavlek, Matija Sikirić, Luka Vidan — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Because there are fewer available urban spaces and more cars on the road, parking is becoming an increasingly important component of urban design. The sustainability of urban transportation and traffic flows can be greatly impacted by parking management. By using zonal parking as a parking policy measure, the city of Velika Gorica has arranged parking in its region. The parking system was examined in detail. Citizens were surveyed to find out what they thought of the parking system. Public unhappiness with the current parking system was shown by the analysis, which indicated that pricing adjustments and the provision of preferred parking permits were necessary. In areas with high demand, parking capacity must be increased. Using a collaborative approach to address parking issues can enhance traffic regulations and lead to more space for sustainable modes of transportation and pedestrian zones.

Traffic Regulation Using Advanced Internet Technologies Based on Blockchain

Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Today, a large number of citizens have to use public transport as well as their own, in order to go to work, to complete business obligations in different parts of the city or to use them during vacation or recreation. The above implies an organized traffic system that implies the functioning of all entities that directly or indirectly participate in the implementation. A large number of means of public transport, private cars, motorcycles, scooters and cyclists can at a certain moment create congestion that certainly disrupts daily traffic flows. When unplanned actions take place, there is a danger that for a certain period of time there will be a stoppage and even an interruption of traffic on a certain section of the road. Such situations cause nervousness among drivers, decrease concentration and unintentionally cause traffic accidents. The main goal of this paper is to present a model of electronic business that includes remote regulation of traffic from the dispatch centre, available horizontal and vertical signalling using blockchain technology. Innovative blockchain technology is currently the best protection mechanism for digital processes that take place in wired and wireless networks. In addition to the above, the protection system includes the storage, memorization and forwarding of a large amount of information, which, through later analysis, can represent the starting point for planning future models. Traffic regulation based on advanced Internet technologies certainly increases the throughput of major intersections as well as primary roads that are important for fire engines, police and emergency services.

ISO 26262 Functional Safety Systems for Road Vehicles

Mehmed Konaković, Abidin Deljanin — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The dynamics in the global automotive industry are constantly evolving, opening pathways to new markets and technological paradigms. Advancements such as H2 and e-vehicles present clear opportunities but also entail challenges of uncontrolled development, particularly with the growing influence of China in the EU.
Traffic accidents involving vehicles with electric propulsion pose specific challenges for investigators and analysts. Analyses reveal increased complexity and harmfulness of these accidents, emphasizing the need for new methods of investigation and damage assessment, as well as for tightening regulations.
The production of e-vehicles faces financial challenges and technological demands. Production efficiency, including the use of one-piece chassis panels, is crucial for competitiveness in the market. The future of the automotive industry in the EU requires complex strategies focused on the development of e-vehicles for urban needs, H2 technology for freight trucks, and alternative fuels to ensure energy independence. Traffic safety is gaining importance, recognizing energy as a key factor in global security.
Attitudes of countries like the Netherlands towards e-vehicles vary, with the issue of electric energy availability highlighted as significant. In this complex landscape of the automotive industry, contemplating the future requires a balance between technological innovation, safety, and sustainability.

Application of Fuel Cell and Green Hydrogen Technology in Buses for Public Urban Transport Passengers

Slobodan Mišanović — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The system of public urban passenger transport is one of the most important functions of any city. The bus subsystem is still the most prevalent in most cities of the world. In addition to the proven advantages in use, the main demands placed on the bus subsystem are environmental suitability and neutrality, through the increasing use of buses with zero and low emission of harmful exhaust gases. Fuel cell-powered buses using green hydrogen are currently a technology with great potential with the goal of completely decarbonizing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions originating from the bus subsystem. The paper will present the basic characteristics of fuel cell buses, legal frameworks for application in the countries of the European Union, and experiences in the application of this drive concept in some cities.

EU Recommendations for Sustainable Development of Cities

Pavle Gladović, Radovan Višković, Željko Đurić — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

The paper presents EU recommendations in the concept of plans for the sustainable development of transport in cities, which was created as a result of extensive dialogue between stakeholders and planning experts from all over the EU, supported by the initiatives of the European Commission through the development of a number of projects. The European Commission has been actively promoting the concept of sustainable urban mobility planning for several years. Through the funding of a series of projects related to this topic, stakeholders and experts were brought together to analyze existing approaches, discuss problem areas and identify best practices. Public urban and suburban passenger transport systems (JGTP), according to the principles of the European Commission, play a key role in achieving the goal of sustainable development and sustainable transport in cities. In this way, plans can help cities in the efficient use of existing transport infrastructure and services, and ensure economical implementation proposed measures.

Urban Road Safety in the Republic of Serbia

Danislav Drašković, Tomislav Petrović, Filip Živković — Thu, 23 Jan 2025 00:00:00 +0100

Advantages of traffic have been known since the first day of traffic development. However, as society evolved so did the traffic and road safety consequently developed. In this way, the negative effects that traffic has on the society, where traffic accidents and their consequences have a leading negative effect, has started to be notices. This is also shown by the fact that an average of 1.35 million people is killed in traffic accidents a year worldwide. However, the development of the society introduces us to the new traffic consequences, such as: air and environment pollution, increased levels of ambient sounds, physical inactivity and the development of numerous diseases (cardio-vascular, respiratory, diabetes) and the onset of mental illness. Namely, it has been estimated that more than two hundred thousand people prematurely died since the beginning of this century because of air pollution and environmental hazards – traffic is largely contributing to CO2 emissions. In this regard, the issues of urban road safety is being given increasing importance today, namely the reduce use of privet passenger cars and the increasing efforts to create space for vulnerable road users. The subject of this paper is the analysis of urban road traffic safety on the territory of 20 selected local governments of the Republic of Serbia. In addition to the basic demographic characteristics of the selected local governments, the paper will present the results of a questionnaire conducted on citizens’ attitudes about urban traffic safety. Although the majority of residents choose walking as the main transport mode, they believe that it is necessary to improve the infrastructure offer for active transport modes, which would significantly contribute to the development of pedestrian and bicycle traffic. A significant number of respondents exceed the speed while driving a motor vehicle, although they show that they are aware of the risks that speeding leads to, especially with regard to vulnerable road users.