ZBORNIK STED KONFERENCIJE

EARTHQUAKE AS A SOCIO-TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE

2026-03-14T17:22:14+01:00

The earthquake is one of the most devastating natural disasters which human civilization encounters. Striking suddenly, they can cause huge material damage and casualty in a short time. It is not possible to predict them, but only expect them with some probability, in certain area and time. The consequences of the earthquake are multiple - collapse of buildings, power and water outage, telecommunications fall, fires, as primary causes, which yield secondary ones - lack of grocery, accommodation of home-lost people, overload on the health system, epidemic risk, security aspects, short and long term economic consequences, depending on the damage extent. The effect of earthquakes is most pronounced in urban areas – either direct or indirect (tsunamis, floods, landslides, liquefaction) - where there is a large concentration of buildings, so through their collapse earthquake impacts human society in various forms. Therefore, it is necessary to pay a special attention to the planning and implementation of seismic construction, and organization of public services and other systems in order to reduce the consequences to a socially acceptable measure. In this context, design and construction of such objects is a compromise between design requirements, a sublimation of social needs and adopted design and engineering solutions, while respecting technical standards. The paper presents the results of seismic analyses of infilled frame structures, as typical in the construction of residential and commercial buildings, with design recommendations.

STRUCTURAL AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF LARGE DATASETS OF TERMS AND RELATED ARTICLES: EXAMPLES FROM WIKIPEDIA

2026-03-14T20:41:34+01:00

Among the most famous collections of publicly available data on the Internet is Wikipedia, which contains millions of articles in many languages covering a wide variety of topics. Complete dumps of all texts from the Wikipedia database in XML format are updated monthly. In this paper, the contents that exist on Wikipedia in the official languages of the former Yugoslavia are analysed and the knowledge base is integrated. Although there are over 10 million articles in this data collection, the number of described terms and topics is significantly smaller, because many articles only redirect to other articles, some are user conversations and some are article templates. A detailed classification of articles, terms, and topics was performed and their mutual connections were obtained (for that, an auxiliary dataset of the English version of Wikipedia was used). Detailed statistical, structural, and cluster analyses were performed on the generated graph of interrelationships of articles, terms, and topics. Using force-directed algorithms for redistribution of graphs, the final result was a comprehensive mapping and visualization of the knowledge base map.

PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL COMPOSITES INCLUDING BORON NITRIDE

2026-03-19T20:42:25+01:00

Dental composites are commonly used as restorative materials in dentistry, which helps to maintain a healthy tooth structure. In this work, dental composites were prepared by blending hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticle (h-BN) with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) / Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) based on modified nanoparticles as fillers. The surfaces of the hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles were modified by glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The prepared materials were characterized by analyzing their mechanical and physical properties. According to the mechanical results, the obtained nanocomposites have good mechanical stability. The h-BN as fillers were well dispersed in the organic matrix. The homogenous distribution of the inorganic fillers throughout the matrix was observed by SEM. The dental composites, prepared in this work, are promising materials and the results indicate that these materials, can be used as restorative materials in dentistry.

ESTIMATION OF SOLAR IRRADIANCE ON TILTED SURFACE FACING SOUTH IN ČAČAK, SERBIA

2026-03-19T20:39:03+01:00

The performance of solar systems is affected by the value of its tilt angle with respect to the horizontal surface, where the variation of tilt angle changes the amount of incident solar radiation. In this paper, hourly extraterrestrial solar irradiance, beam, diffuse and solar radiation on the tilted surface is modeled and calculated based on measured data of the global solar radiation on horizontal surfaces for Čačak (lat 43.87° N, long 20.33° E). The computer program has been done to calculate the hourly solar irradiance for calculating different tilt angle setups. The calculation was based on experimental data of global solar radiation on the horizontal surface for the average day of April, July and September. Important trends of solar radiation on tilt surfaces as a function of time and the effect of surface tilt angles of the PV panel for achieving maximum collection of solar radiation in Čačak are presented. Most of the parameters modeled in this paper are essential in the design and study of solar energy conversion systems.

TOWARD SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT: GREEN ROOFS

2026-03-19T20:36:28+01:00

The paper presents a study of the content of water - soluble and exchangeable forms of zinc in the dust on the main road M-17 through the city of Mostar. In the observed area, five localities were selected for the research of defined tasks. Dust samples were taken in one cycle (autumn 2018). The specified metal was determined in accordance with EU standards, using the instrument AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), type AA-6200-Shimazdu. method: FAAS-flame technique in determining the total zinc content and ETAAS-electrothermal technique in determining the water - soluble and exchangeable form of zinc. The results of the research show changes in the zinc content in different localities. The lowest zinc content was determined at the site of the Orthodox Church (Bjelušine) in the value of 28,33 mg / kg and the highest at the site Bišće polje in the value of 81,67 mg / kg. The concentration of water-soluble forms of zinc in the water extract was low and ranged from 0,52 mg / kg at the examined locality Bišće polje to 3,57 mg / kg at the examined locality Mazoljice. The content of exchangeable forms of zinc in acid extraction is the highest at the Bišće polje locality, 52,08 mg / kg, and the lowest at the Orthodox Church locality (Bjelušine) up to 9,51 mg / kg.

KEY ISSUES OF DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY AND FORM OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ARMENIA

2026-03-19T20:33:09+01:00

Alternative energy is any energy source that does not use fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, petroleum). Seven types of renewable energy are solar, wind, hydroelectric, ocean, geothermal, biomass, hydrogen energy. Solar and wind energy is widely available in Armenia due to geographic and climate conditions. A green economy is an economy that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. Armenia is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union and has a mixed economic system. The aim is to develop alternative energy sources in Armenia together with the optimized use of natural energy sources. Conservation of resources is the ethical use and protection of valuable resources. Our natural resources should be conserved because it is main source of our daily needs and is limited only.
Taking into account the peculiarities of economic development, as well as based on energy efficiency characteristics and the degree of heat capacity of natural building materials, the most rational and practical approaches to resource conservation will be proposed in the work. Technical and technological solutions acceptable for Armenia will also be considered.

NERALY ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS - THE ROAD TO LOW- CARBON CITIES

2026-03-19T20:29:47+01:00

Buildings consume 40% of primary energy and are responsible for 36% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, reducing energy consumption in buildings can lead to large energy savings, and thus to a reduction in GHG emissions and environmental protection. Nearly zero energy buildings have great potential for a significant reduction in energy consumption, while increasing the use of renewable energy sources and environmental protection. Some countries have adopted or are considering adopting near-zero energy buildings as a future standard for the building sector. European energy policies through the Directives on energy efficiency of buildings (Directive, 2010/31/EU and 2018/844/EU) stimulate the energy transition to Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) and the Positive Energy Building (PEB) model. There is still no exact definition of Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB), but the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive states that "a near-zero energy building means a building with very high energy efficiency", and that “Approximately zero energy or very low amount of energy should be supplied to a very significant extent from renewable sources, including energy from renewable sources produced in or near the building". The paper gives an overview of the criteria of energy efficiency and energy supply from renewable sources in different countries that need to be met in order for facilities to reach the Nearly Zero Energy Building (NZEB) standard.

GREEN STREETS - A MODEL FOR IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2026-03-19T14:46:39+01:00

Public spaces are very important for urban life, and their traditional form are the streets. Streets occupy more than 80% of the total public space. The content of the street defines its character and the built, natural, social, cultural and economic context. Also, streets must be designed to respond to the many challenges that cities face, such as: public health and safety, quality of life, social equality, and economic and environmental sustainability. The aim of this paper is to point out a new approach to street design through the form of Green Streets concept. Through the method of content analysis research refers to the clarification of the meaning and principles of shaping green streets. The practical part of the work includes implementation of the theoretical setting on a specific polygon - on the Kralja Petra I Karađorđevića Street and Mladena Stojanovića Street in Banjaluka. Paper will define the concept and guidelines for the improvement and further development of the polygon, based on the analysis of the mentioned streets, in order to improve the quality of life and of the environment.

PUBLIC LIFE - USERS' ROLE IN THE DESIGN OF OPEN PUBLIC CITY SPACES

2026-03-19T14:43:11+01:00

The paper deals with the research of the theoretical setting of the phenomenon of public urban spaces through the presentation of the analysis of research that describes the structure of public urban spaces in terms of the processes that take a place within them. It analyzes public life and the user's relationship with the city life, i.e., relationship toward open public urban spaces. It deals with methodological principles in the process of designing open public urban spaces through research on the relationship between users and urban space. The text relies on the theory of structuration by Anthony Giddens and on the work of Henri Lefebvre on the relationship and role of people towards their own built environment. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of the role of users in the design of open public urban spaces and to propose guidelines for such design. The method of content analysis is used to explain the principles of design of public urban spaces and to show the importance of the role of users in the design of their own environment. The work results in guidelines for the design of public spaces in the city that directly involve a user in the process of designing the space in which it resides.

ORGANIC WASTE AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY AND ORGANIC FERTILIZER

2026-03-19T14:38:26+01:00

Sustainable supply of energy is possible only with an optimal combination of the characteristic benefits of each of the renewable energy sources. Unlike fossil fuels, biogas is a permanently renewable fuel, produced from biomass, which is a living storehouse of solar energy through photosynthesis. The use of biogas helps to improve the energy balance of country and contributes to the preservation of natural resources and environmental protection. This paper presents an ecologically efficient way of waste disposal, so that waste gets a new economic value in the form of electricity and heat, as well as organic fertilizer. Detail process of obtaining biogas is described with the use of various raw materials, as well as possible ways of its application for energy purposes. In an anaerobic digester or fermenter, biological and chemical processes take place, which result in the separation of biogas in the last phase of digestion. In order for anaerobic bacteria, which are in charge of biogas production, would have the most ideal conditions, it is necessary to ensure, in addition to adequate and regular feeding with biological waste, continuous mixing and maintaining a constant temperature inside the digester. Production of electricity is the primary goal and purpose of biogas power plants, but also important aspect of this process is the formation of organic fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizers improves the quality of the soil and reduces need for use of artificial fertilizers, which has a positive impact on the environment.

WASTEWATER IN SABAC - CURRENT SITUATION AND FUTURE TREATMENT DIRECTIONS

2026-03-19T14:35:45+01:00

Šabac is a city that has had a central wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) since 2017, which is very important from the aspect of protecting the health of the population and protecting the environment. The advantage of the plant is that it facilitates the business of economic entities in the city. They do not have to have their own wastewater treatment plant, but only one for pre-treatment.The treatment of communal waters, apart from the city, also includes gravitating suburban settlements.The collected sanitary wastewater is treated at the plant, as well as industrial water, which has been brought to a certain quality by appropriate pre-treatments. In this paper, data for process lines of water treatment and sludge treatment, available from internal tests of the WWTP laboratory, were used. The laboratory uses standard wastewater treatment equipment. Inlet and outlet water analyzes are performed daily, as well as dry matter analysis, while once a week, on thursdays, these analyzes are accompanied by the determination of the content of organic matter in the sludge.The results of the report are presented in tabular form on a weekly basis. The water that is released into the Sava River after processing in the plant is 40% cleaner, which is a significant environmental indicator. Sludge generated in the treatment process is disposed of in a safe manner and could be a significant source for gas and compost production.

INDUSTRIAL WASTE AS A NEW ADSORBENT FOR Cu2+ REMOVAL FROM AQUATIC SOLUTIONS

2026-03-19T14:32:17+01:00

Recent data in the field of wastewater treatment by adsorption indicated the increasing usage of industrial waste as adsorbents for heavy metals removal from wastewater. This is an especially important topic with respect to the fact that in Montenegro operating steelmaking factory and coal fired power station which generates by-products that can be used as new low-cost adsorbents. Steelmaking factory generates electric arc furnace slag as by-product of steel production while coal fired power station generates a large quantity of fly ash as a result of coal combustion. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the possibility of using modified ash and slag as new adsorbents for Cu2+ removal from aquatic solution.
The obtained results showed that both materials can be successfully used for the removal of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions by the fact that the modified slag is a more efficient adsorbent in comparison to the modified fly ash. The obtained removal efficiency for modified slag was 62.3% at ambient conditions while modified fly ash enables removal of 45.6% of copper ions from aquatic solutions at the same conditions.

HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS IN A CITY OF PLJEVLJA (MONTENEGRO)

2026-03-19T12:41:34+01:00

Population exposure due to industrially contaminated sites (ICSs) is a global environmental health problem. Pljevlja municipality is one of the “black spots” in Montenegro and well known by pollution influence from several different sources. Agricultural soils in a city of Pljavlja are at the great ecological risk due to the impact of industrial pollutants, such as lead and zinc mine (LZM), coal fired power station (CFPS) and coal mine (CM).
This study aimed to present a children health risk assessment of agricultural soil in a vicinity of these three pollution sources for As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Cr. Both, non-carcinogenic (for As, Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Cr) and carcinogenic health risk (for As, Cd, Pb and Cr) due to the human exposure to the soil through different exposure pathways were evaluated.
The results of non-carcinogenic health risk assessment showed that Cr, Pb, Cd, and As were of concern for children population. Dermal contact was found as the main exposure pathway from LZM soil samples followed by ingestion and inhalation. On the other hand, for CFPS and CM soils, ingestion was the main exposures pathway. The carcinogenic health risk was highly controlled by Cr and As and ingestion is recognized as the main children exposure route.

INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES IN PORT FUNCTIONS, SERVICES AND ADMINISTRATIVE MODELS

2026-03-19T12:03:46+01:00

Advanced and majority of large and medium-sized seaports today produce a combination of public and private goods. Public goods are those that are indivisible by nature and are not expendable, such as public safety, security, healthy environment, coastal protection works necessary for the creation of a port basin, etc. Private goods are both expendable and divisible and their use implies a minimum of economic external factors. Most of the value of private goods is realized in market transactions between private parties. In institutional terms, seaports are a combination of public and private goods. They generate direct economic benefits (private goods) through their operations, as well as additional indirect benefits (public goods) in the form of trade promotion, and increase the production of port services and collaterally increase trade-related services. ports that have made significant progress towards the development of public-private partnerships (PPPs) have improved their own efficiency, which has led to a modification of the institutional matrix of seaports.
Effective implementation of PPP in seaports is possible only in the state of formed and developed institutional environment, which implies a complete set of institutional structures (elements, factors and conditions). Thus, the development of the seaport through PPP is accompanied by a large number of organizational decisions of regulatory, legal, economic, technical, marketing, economic and social nature.

THE BASIS OF A NEW CONCEPT OF SOCIAL ECONOMY

2026-03-19T12:00:06+01:00

This paper points out the shifts in the issue of socio - economic relations based on the social economy. At the very end of the active process of globalization and all the conflicts that arose at the beginning of the 21st century due to connecting and increasing the number of big capital owners, poverty will spread to such an extent that many countries will become economic vassals, while a small number of hyper-rich to that extent to consolidate its equity capital in different countries or continents. The borders of the states that now exist will become formal and irrelevant due to a new kind of economic imperialism, as a precondition for the most powerful control of the human race by the hyper-rich, and the incredible expansion of their ownership power in the world. new owners. The social economy is the light of the time that comes after globalization, because in its new concept it indicates that human labor can become an accumulated unit, which with its value becomes part of capital, which reduces or destroys inequalities in the relationship between labor and capital worldwide.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC ON ECONOMIC TRENDS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2026-03-19T11:57:17+01:00

The corona virus led to a sharp and unexpected downturn in the world economy that spared almost no world economy. According to the forecast of the International Monetary Fund, the decline in the world GDP is 3.3%. The situation is similar in Bosnia and Herzegovina as well. According to the Agency for Statistics of BiH, the fall in GDP in 2020 averaged 4.5%, while in the second quarter during the lockdown it was as much as 9.3%. The International Monetary Fund forecasts the growth of the world economy in 2021 of 6% and 4.4% in 2022. Economic growth is forecast for BiH as well. According to the World Bank, after a 4% drop in 2020, GDP growth in BiH is expected by about 2.8%. This paper deals with the consequences of the COVID-19 epidemic on key economic parameters and living standards in BiH. In particular, the economic measures taken by governments in an attempt to protect the economy are analyzed, with a special emphasis on a critical analysis of measures taken so far and an attempt to define key parameters that will enable rapid and stable recovery and development in the coming period.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAV COUNTRIES

2026-03-19T11:53:28+01:00

After the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1991, the paths of the newly formed states diverged, which affected the course, content and speed of implementation of economic reforms of the countries. It is characteristic of all the countries of the former Yugoslavia that negative growth rates were recorded in the second half of the 1990s, and economic policy in most countries was subordinated to political goals. Neoliberal model of transition was adopted, and real reforms began in the early 2000s, with radical changes in all aspects of the economy. The aim of the paper is to determine the differences in the level of economic growth in the countries of the former Yugoslavia, through the analysis of macroeconomic factors. The research covered all countries of the former Yugoslavia: the Republic of Serbia, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Montenegro, the Republic of Croatia, the Republic of Slovenia and Northern Macedonia. The survey data were taken from the FAOSTAT database, the World Bank, as well as the national statistics of the countries of the former Yugoslavia, and the method of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. The results of the research showed that there are statistically significant differences in all independent variables: gross domestic product per capita, prevalence of malnutrition, total unemployment, total investment and value added from industry. Of all the countries of the former Yugoslavia, Slovenia stood out as the country that shows the best results according to these variables, which is reflected in the economic growth of the country.

INNOVATIVE CAPACITY OF THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES AS A LIMITING FACTOR OF THEIR ECONOMIC GROWTH

2026-03-19T11:46:59+01:00

The ability of the national economy to create and valorize knowledge into innovation signifies its innovation capacity. Based on its own methodology, the aim of the paper is to: a) calculate the index of the Innovation capacity index of the European Union and the Western Balkans as an average of the value of the Research capacity index, Technology and innovation efficiency index, and Knowledge technology absorption and diffusion index based on the data of the World Bank in 2020 and b) establish the quality of the relationship between the value of the index of national innovation capacity and the size of gross domestic product per capita expressed in international dollars calculated by the purchasing power of the analyzed countries. The results of the research confirmed the marked lag of the Western Balkan countries in all components of the calculated index of national innovation capacity. Among the countries of the Western Balkans in 2020, only Serbia had a relatively significant index of national innovation capacity (34.8) in relation to the level of gross domestic product per capita ($ 16.207 expressed in purchasing power), observed not only in relation to other countries of the Western Balkans, but also in comparison with a number of EU countries (Greece - 29.1; Lithuania - 29.7; Croatia - 32.9; Romania - 33.4). This fact shows that Serbia can potentially be significantly involved in the global race for the development and application of innovations in the economy and society in the near future, and to dynamize economic development on that basis. The survey results also confirmed a strong link between the Innovation capacity index and the level of gross domestic product per capita.

COMPETITIVENESS IN MODERN BUSINESS PRESENTED THROUGH BASIC STRUCTURAL INDICATORS OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS OF ENTERPRISES AND ENTREPRENEURS: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

2026-03-19T11:44:14+01:00

In order to determine the competitiveness in the global market, for the purposes of this paper, secondary collected data of basic structural indicators of business of companies and entrepreneurs from the Republic of Srpska for the period from 2017 to 2019 were used. They were processed by descriptive statistics, and in order to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables, a correlation was used in order to determine significance, but also a regression model. Pearson's correlation coefficient between the variables: turnover and VAT is statistically significant, while the correlation between the variables: turnover and the total number of enterprises, turnover and the total number of employees, turnover and staff costs, as well as staff income and costs, did not show statistical significance. In order to achieve long-term sustainable economic growth, the Republic of Srpska needs to have macroeconomic stability, as well as stabilization of economic growth, reduction of future risks, especially under the influence of the current COVID-19 pandemic.

DIGITAL BUSINESS TRANSFORMATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

2026-03-19T11:17:06+01:00

The process of digital business transformation is present today in both, developed and less developed economies. This process is primarily reflected in the application of modern information and communication (ICT) achievements, in performance of business processes in all branches of the economy, and public administration. This has enabled the daily use of state-of-the-art (latest) technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), the Internet of Everything (IoE), cloud computing, artificial intelligence, business intelligence, Big data, and others. The use of these technologies is necessary for the companies to survive on the market, i.e. for institutions to keep pace with modern business. In this way, societies increase productivity, and institutions increase the efficiency of their business. Observing the space of Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, today less than 100 companies, predominantly in the field of banking, finance and service provision, are permanently improving their hardware and software infrastructure and developing new services. Digital transformation in the Republic of Srpska/BiH, whether we are talking about state institutions or private sector, has made a significant contribution to business improvement in the past decade and enabled the application of modern technologies. Development largely depends not only on the financial position of the company, but also on the nature of its business and the lack of qualified staff. But, the fact is that certain branches of the economy, such as production, develop relatively more slowly in relation to the financial sector. However, it is encouraging that the digital transformation is an unstoppable process that has begun, and as a function of time will significantly change our environment and the competitiveness of the economy.

THE CONCEPT OF REAL EXCHANGE RATE AND STRENGHTENING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE ENTERPRISE AND THE STATE AS A PRECONDITION FOR OVERCOMING THE CRISIS AND THE ELIMINATION OF IMBALANCE

2026-03-19T09:26:04+01:00

Management of foreign exchange policy is complex activity for the leaders of economic policy and it cannot be autonomous, but has to be aligned with other measures of economic policy ( policy of managing demand, trend of monetary aggregates,export offer,etc.).
Deficits from the trade balance, with constant overvaluing of local currency and insufficient flexibility of import have resulted in deficits and balance of current transactions and rigorous measures of balance of payments adjustment through restriction of import in the first place.
Such policy could not be a successful one on longterm basis in conditions of insufficient contraction of local demand and impossibility of expansion of export offer which would result in leveling of commodity balance and removal of imbalance.
It was also stated in the paper that it is not possible to keep foreign economic balance in conditions of growing internal economic contradictory (growth of aggregate demand initiated by expansive monetary and fiscal policy and growth of income above the growth of real aggregates such as production and productivity.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN MODERN BUSINESS

2026-03-19T09:22:39+01:00

Good communication is a precondition for successful management, ie its basic functions, leadership and coordination. It has long been known that quality, clear and focused communication is the basis of a successful business. Despite this, to the study of business communication is not given enough attention and space in formal education. It is mainly studied through informal workshops and seminars that should be an "addition" to the already existing acquired knowledge. When it comes to communication skills, their importance is especially evident in crisis when insufficient knowledge of these skills is especially evident. For these reasons, the paper will analyze the curriculums of faculties where economics and business are studied in the Republic of Srpska in order to determine the extent to which the study of communication skills is represented and whether and in what way subjects with such content are represented. The aim of this paper is to raise awareness of need to adopt theoretical knowledge and practical communication skills in all higher education institutions and not only in the study of communication, because the modern age is the age of communication and knowledge about this process must be raised to the highest level.

HOW INNOVATIVE LEADERS COULD ENCOURAGE CREATION OF NEW VALUES IN THE ORGANIZATION

2026-03-19T09:19:27+01:00

The leaders of the new generation include Generation Y (1980-1995) and Generation Z (1996 – 2010) as the biggest working force today. Methods: two qualitative and two ethnographic research were conducted (2015 and 2021) with a group of 30 leaders of Generation Y and 30 leaders of Generation Z. The leaders were representatives of companies of different sizes and industries, responsible for teams, projects and processes. Both researches were conducted using the in-depth interview technique. The behaviors of the four selected leaders of each generation were modeled by monitoring their behavior during the execution of tasks in the workplace, in meetings and working with teams. The first research was conducted offline and the second research was conducted online. Results: They believe in lifelong learning and improvement; they get the necessary results easier and faster online. New generation leaders set clear priorities, see the bigger picture, manage change, are open to options, make decisions, ask challenging questions, actively listen, take action. Conclusion: The leaders of the new generation embrace the VUCA world (volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguity) not as a sprint but a marathon. In that marathon, they need to be open to change, resilient, to show readiness to learn and take care of themselves, to adapt.

THE EFFECT OF WORK-RELATED STRESS ON EMPLOYEE SATISFACTION: A CASE STUDY

2026-03-19T09:14:32+01:00

The present research aims to improve the current understanding of the relationship between work-related stress and employee satisfaction. This study examines which relevant work stressors, such as task design, employee role in an organization, career development, interpersonal relationships, management style, workplace conditions, and work-life balance affect employee satisfaction. Using a sample of 200 employees from private sector companies in North Macedonia, the results showed that work-related stress is significantly present in the work environment and affects employee satisfaction and performance. Therefore, companies, especially top management, need to develop and implement appropriate strategies for reducing the adverse impact of relevant work stressors on a permanent basis.

SPECIFICS OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN FAMILY BUSINESSES

2026-03-19T09:11:34+01:00

In the modern environment, family businesses are at the core of the global economy, and their financial health and growth capacity is crucial to the economic well-being of any country. The importance of identifying human resource management practices is widely recognized in the management literature but insufficiently researched in the segment of small businesses and family businesses. The aim of this paper is to discuss these issues. A case study was applied in this paper.

CHANGE MANAGEMENT AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF COMPANY MANAGEMENT

2026-03-19T09:04:34+01:00

Change management, as a constant task of managers and an integral part of managing the organization as a whole, is a general management process aimed at planning and implementing change so that the organization can function successfully and develop in conditions of continuous change in the environment. Accordingly, the change management process itself defines all the elements and all phases of the realization of the process itself. For the change management process itself, it is very important to determine whether the causes of changes are internal or external, then whether minor changes are needed that cover individual parts of the organization, or whether major changes are needed that cover the organization as a whole. Based on this, a general management technique can be created that shows the process of change management in the organization.

MIGRATION CRISIS MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT IN THE UNA SANA CANTON

2026-03-19T09:02:10+01:00

While Bosnian society seeks to ensure the standards of the institutions of the European Union and the Council of Europe within its own society, we face the problem of security of state borders and the growing trend of illegal migration. Una Sana Canton has become a kind of buffer zone towards "open Europe or Europe of fortresses" where all the shortcomings of international legal protection of the rights of the mentioned categories and unaccompanied minors can be noticed. The policy of the state of B&H towards migrants, and the rhetoric of international organizations indicate the reality of the non-functioning of the coordination mechanism of state institutions. Illegal migration enjoys certain international rights, which must be respected. Discriminatory attitudes of some EU member state have directed migration flows towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the inability of their own decision makers and the structure of state power have intensively directed illegal migration, mostly towards Una Sana Canton. Assistance programs indicate different interests, the permeability of the state border on the east side and its protection on the west side on the border with Croatia / EU with the retention of migrants in B&H, in Una-Sana Canton as long as possible. The international organizations IOM and UNHCR manage business locally for significantly higher fees, bypassing local actors who bear the burden of the crisis intensively for the fourth year in a row. The current crisis continues while maintaining different approaches. Different interests have shown the lack of responsibility of both international (European) and national actors for adequate action, the example of the reception camp Lipa.

COMPARISON OF MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING METHODS: IS IT ALL THE SAME?

2026-03-19T08:52:43+01:00

Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methods have been used in various research areas in order to evaluate and rank finite number of alternatives based on a set of predetermined criteria. One of the main concerns when applying MCDM methods is related to the fact that different methods can yield different results in terms of the ranking of the proposed alternatives. This is usually explained with the subjectivity in the decision-making process which is incorporated in the most of the MCDM methods. The aim of this paper is to show that different methods can yield different results even when the subjectivity is reduced to the minimum. For this purpose, five of the most used MCDM methods (i.e., PROMETHEE, ELECTRE, AHP, TOPSIS, and VIKOR) were analysed and compared on a general example. As expected, the ranking of the alternatives is not the same for all of the used methods. Based on the results presented in this paper, researchers and practitioners should be motivated to investigate more thoroughly the specificities of various MCDM methods and consequently make more reliable decisions based on the use of appropriate methods for their specific problem.

INFLUENCE OF CORONAVIRUS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR

2026-03-19T08:49:46+01:00

The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and its unprecedented speed of transmission around the world have fundamentally shaken the habits and behavior of consumers in shopping. Keeping social distance, partially limited movement, and depending on the situation, the introduction of quarantine, has put consumers in a position to adapt to the new situation. In such circumstances, improvisations of sellers and consumers enter the scene, and online shopping and home delivery come to the fore. With the intensity of the COVID-19 pandemic, the behavior of consumers is beginning to change again, and old habits and sales trends are slowly returning. The part of the habits from the time of the pandemic that consumers estimate to be more acceptable and favorable to them, will certainly be maintained with constant efforts to improve and enhance. In the meantime, in order to protect and maintain the level of economic activity, the state adopts many regulations and instructions that change the way and procedure of consumer behavior in the process of purchasing products and services. The main goal of state regulations, in addition to health care for the population, is to maintain the volume of trade and money consumption. Continuous technological development and progress, especially of the IT sector, has a very noticeable and irreplaceable role in adapting suppliers of products and services and consumer behavior. Modern digital technology brings with it certain innovations that will, in the very near future, become generally acceptable to all.

IMPLICATIONS OF SECURITY MARKETING ON THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND MULTIPLICATION OF MARKET ACTIVITIES

2026-03-19T08:46:22+01:00

Having stepped boldly out of the business framework in the last few decades, the scientific thought of marketing has been enriched with various social components. Marketing thus becomes strongly present in all spheres of social life, and its influences on development processes are also considered. It is analyzed, e.g. the influence of the new, modern marketing concept on the creation of ambient business conditions, but also determines the contribution to the harmonization of social interests and the elimination of the observed tendencies of imperfection of business markets. Thus, by providing services to society, social needs and development trends, adapting and sublimating effects of action, it is indisputably concluded that marketing strongly determines economic and social trends. Hence the opinion, that the new marketing concept of security agencies also has catalytic potentials for mobilizing and directing the limiting factors of the social and business environment. Development practitioners have simply realized that the development of society is impossible to observe without taking into consideration security issues and the consequential conditions that arise from them. Such a concept recognizes security as a central element that is important for sustainable development and poverty reduction, where security reform increases the institutional capacity of the rule of law, legitimacy and functions of the state, but also builds business relations within society based on trust. Trust and security, both personally and institutionally, are accordingly an important factor of economic success and economic development in general. However, development also significantly determines the level of security of the social community, because in the absence of development perspectives, security threats will inevitably appear, such as unemployment, poverty, political instability, and even conflict. In that sense, when it comes to the connection between security and development, it is clear that only at a certain level of security is possible to achieve economic development. Thus, there is a emphasized interdependence between the quality of the security situation and the level of development of business activities in a certain area, and this is the thesis we consider in this paper.

SECURITY MARKETING, AS A MANIFESTATION AND PHASE OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

2026-03-19T08:43:37+01:00

Social institutions, in some form, are as old as man himself. Without certain norms, rules of conduct, and social values, people would be prone to anarchy and destructive behavior. According to previous civilizational experiences, it is clear that there is a very thin line between the state of order and chaos. It is the institutional forces, developing together with a man and his environment, have overcome chaos and have directed people towards creativity, development and positive creativity. The areas of their activity today have covered dimensions and areas that, until recently, could not have been foreseen. Adapting to various social needs, the dispersion of institutions has been constant even today. As institutions whose role is to protect the lives of people and their property, the law- abiding and an orderly environment, the security agencies are certainly one of the important parts of society and an important segment of the institutional system. Their turn towards the marketing concept is a consequence of the increased level of adaptability and readiness to respond to dynamic external and internal changes of the environment, and the realization that, although they are public authorities, their purpose is to serve people and their needs. It is an organizational philosophy based on a partnership that builds links between the police and citizens, improving mutual trust of business and investment environment, and in the long- term develops a society of security and economic prosperity. Thus, the safe and successful community is set as the vision and ultimate aim of transformed security institutions, and the new marketing concept of the work of police agencies as the way and means to achieve that aim.

TESTING THE SATISFACTION OF PROFESSIONAL CUSTOMERS IN THE AUTOMOTIVE AFTERMARKET SPARE PARTS INDUSTRY WITH THE PURPOSE OF IMPROVING SALES: THE CASE OF BALKANS

2026-03-19T08:41:06+01:00

The paper presents the results of a survey of professional customer satisfaction in the period from 2015 to 2019 on a sample of 4248 professional customers of a company engaged in the distribution and trade of automotive spare parts (aftermarket). This company operates in the region of Balkans: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and North Macedonia. The results for 2019 were presented by descriptive statistics and compared with Categorical Regression Analysis (CATREG). The analysis was used as a method of predicting the level of customer loyalty by combining variables from the survey (questionnaire) with regard to the relationship between the sales staff and the characteristics of the products themselves (2015-2018). Previous author's research shows that the greatest impact on customer loyalty in Bosnia and Herzegovina has the range of goods, delivery, and price-quality ratio. For Northern Macedonia, it is the range of goods, delivery, and the manner of complaints resolving. The greatest importance in predicting the level of customer loyalty in Serbia is the delivery of goods and complaints resolving. The conclusions and managerial implications confirmed the author's assumptions in the third phase of the examination, which was conducted in 2019. Unfortunately, due to the well-known Covid-19 pandemic, research of this type could not be conducted in 2020.

MODERN FORMS OF SALES AND PROMOTION IN THE CONTEXT OF A PANDEMIC

2026-03-19T08:38:24+01:00

The coronary virus pandemic will certainly have great consequences for the economy. It is written much about the negative economic consequences, but little about changes in consumer habits and about adapting the marketing concept to new circumstances. The paper entitled Modern forms of sales and promotion in the context of a pandemic, aims to show whether the situation in which we live in the last year has influenced the fact that we as consumers are more likely to accept modern forms of promotion and delivery than we would have done in the past. known market circumstances. The paper is based on theoretical analysis, experiences from developed countries, but above all on research conducted on the market of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The primary research aimed to arrive at results on how much we have embraced new ways of selling, how we communicate, and how much these changes will affect consumption in the future. When the logical opinion was that marketing as a business philosophy would be left aside, it seems that the opposite has happened. Marketing confirms its dominance, which will try to prove itself through this paper.

PROMOTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS ON SOCIAL NETWORKS

2026-03-19T08:35:58+01:00

Digital marketing is a branch of marketing that uses digital technologies based on the Internet and social networks. It began to develop in the 2000s and has been in constant expansion ever since. Digital marketing uses online strategies and these activities are constantly evolving, following the habits and needs of internet users. This type of marketing allows us to correctly define the groups to which we want to present our advertising campaign, and above all we know that it is a prerequisite for successful business. Today, we know that digital marketing is widespread in all spheres of life, including the ability to improve the work and promotion of higher education institutions.
The aim of this paper is to show the extent to which current and future students use the Internet and social networks for the purpose of informing about the faculty. Also, the goal is to determine the possibilities of increasing the number of enrolled students per academic year through digital marketing tools. To this end, two extensive studies have been conducted, which have helped confirm the hypothesis that digital marketing is necessary in the promotion of higher education institutions. In addition, in this research, we also addressed the ways in which higher education institutions should be promoted on the Internet and social networks. We came to the conclusion that social networks are an inexhaustible source of opportunities to promote higher education institutions, and that they should be used properly and properly in order to motivate future students to enroll in the faculty we represent.

SIMULATED ENTERPRISE - INNOVATIVE TOOL WORK FOR ROMANIAN HIGHER EDUCATION

2026-03-18T21:43:43+01:00

A reliable, practice-oriented education is the most important basis for a successful start in a profession. Requirements more specific and more complex companies' labour market as regards its ability to students preparing for employment had an important role in building the Lisbon Strategy which states that each Member State should focus on three things: attraction and keeping as many people on the labour market, improving adaptability of workers and businesses and increasing investment in human capital through better systems of education and training.
The purpose of a simulated enterprise is to prepare students for the labour market integration by using an innovative tool for Romanian higher education.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING IN TOURISM

2026-03-18T21:40:15+01:00

Crises are both unplanned and unwanted, but, in present times, also expected events in lifespans of each organization and economic branch. Global COVID-19 pandemic has proved that tourism is one of most sensitive economic branches to crisis. The aftermaths of the pandemic were experienced, more or less, in almost all countries, especially those like Montenegro, whose economy is dominantly based on tourism. The focus of this paper are crisis management and marketing in tourism which should answer to challenges brought by crises, save strategic potentials of a success and ensure long-lasting sustainability. A crisis demands fast and adequate responses in order to control factors that caused it, prepare and initiate actions with the goal to avoid detrimental consequences, or to reduce them to the smallest possible extent. It means that managers in tourism have to proactively act, critically reconsider existing strategies and organizational models, and change its touristic offer according to the market conditions, its buyers’ needs and other external factors.

GREEN MARKET CLASSIFICATION-THE CASE OF DUBROVNIK

2026-03-18T21:36:39+01:00

The subject of the research is the classification of the "green consumer" market in the area of Dubrovnik. The aim of this paper is to present the segments of green consumers and to determine the level of knowledge about ecological products and services in the area of Dubrovnik. For the purpose of the paper the secondary and primary data have been obtained by surveying a sample of 180 respondents in 2019. in the city of Dubrovnik. Based on the results of the research, the specific features of the green consumer market have been explained. The market of green consumers in the area of Dubrovnik has also been segmented. It is necessary to increase the level of consumer awareness towards the environmental protection and increase the level of green marketing application. Women are more likely to use organic products or services and their awareness towards the organic products is higher.

THE ROLE OF TOUR OPERATORS AND HOTELS IN THE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

2026-03-18T21:29:12+01:00

The issue of environmental protection is becoming an integral part of living an environmentally conscious citizens, who expect to travel product meets the standards of "extra" quality that relates to compliance with environmental standards. Implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the business practice demand harmony with the law and continuous improvement of the enviromnmental performances. The aim of the paper is to define the Role and Importance of Tour Operators and Hotels, as the most important destination stakeholders in the tourists destination sustainable supply chain. For the purpose of this paper the secondary and primary data have been used. According to the results of the research it is visible that the implementation of the sustainable business practice brings significant benefits to the hotels and tour operators, such as a better image, positive impact on the environment and impoving competitive advantage on the market. The damage caused by the tour operators who do not care about socially responsible behavior is primarily reflected in the destruction of natural beauty and to a lower level of residents’ quality of life. Tour operators who create travel arrangements, travel agencies and all the other stakeholders are responsible for raising the level of tourists’ environmental awareness. The implementation of the sustainable principles is not important only for realizing business cooperation between hotels and mass tour operators, but also with tour operators specialist.

FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS OF THE GASTRONOMY COMPANY “UGOSTITELJSTVO - SIMIĆ M”: CASE STUDY

2026-03-18T21:25:26+01:00

There is great potential for financial indicators (ratio numbers) to be a useful analytical tool for investors and other stakeholders. In financial analysis, financial ratios are used as a standard for assessing the financial condition and performance of a company. The ratio analysis includes an evaluation for a useful interpretation of the financial statements. One financial indicator does not in itself indicate a favorable or unfavorable situation. The aim of this research work is to look at the key financial performance of a domestic catering company, in order to give a valid assessment of the financial health of the company. For the purposes of conducting the analysis, the data from the publicly published financial reports of the company (balance sheet and income statement) for the five-year period, from 2015-2019.

TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENT

2026-03-18T21:20:33+01:00

Given that the foundations of future tourism development rely on sustainable development, it is also the basis of strategic planning for tourism development, in which geospaces play the most important role. Accordingly, the tourism industry must respect the principles of sustainability in the planning, design and implementation of travel programs. In that way, there is more and more talk about the spatial aspects of tourism development and the importance of geospaces in creating the tourist offer, and tour operators and travel agencies must create sustainable products in order to better place them on the domestic and foreign tourist market. World tourism, with its mass, also has negative consequences for the natural, social, cultural and economic environment. That is why tourism is increasingly being studied in a different way. Companies in tourism have realized that not only profit should be put in the foreground, but also how much costs the whole society and the human environment should pay due to the reckless development of tourism and all those activities related to tourism. Only in this way can we talk about a changed approach to tourism development in accordance with the concept of sustainable development. The fact is that despite previous research, we can not know for sure the size of the segment of tourist demand that speaks of eco-tourism, and "parameters" that can guide us to the size and importance of this part of the market primarily for environmental protection. What can be established with certainty is that visits to the preserved environment are constantly increasing. In 1991. about 8% of domestic tourist movements in the United States were directed towards national parks (Štetić, 1997), and in 2001. 15%. That year, the Great Smokey Mountains National Park was visited by 17 million tourists, Yellowstone by 25 million and Yosemite by over 10 million tourists.
Africa's national parks are a special attraction. Kenya, which was among the first to open its reserves for tourist visits, records a total visit to this area of 2.1 million tourists, of which 1.5 million are foreigners. In addition to the already known areas, new destinations such as Antarctica are also appearing. It is certain that this type of tourist movement is conquering all parts of the geo space and that it includes an increasing number of tourists. It is certain that this type of tourist movement is conquering all parts of the geo space and that it includes an increasing number of tourists. The circle of search is expanding and the number of tourists is constantly expanding, which affects the increased interest in going to a protected unpolluted natural environment. This leads us to a new issue of tourism development, and that is the issue of sustainable tourism development in geo spaces. Given that tourism is the future development of many areas and a large number of tourist destinations, this means that special attention must be paid to tourism development planning. Many geospaces are under global or regional protection and as such should be preserved for future generations. Visitors are often unaware of their negative impact when staying in certain destinations.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON FOOD SECURITY, POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION

2026-03-18T21:16:31+01:00

The COVID-19 virus pandemic has begun to spread at an accelerated pace since its outbreak in December 2019, causing significant negative effects globally. The effects of the pandemic are still present today, resulting in negative consequences for food systems, with direct and indirect implications for the lives of all, especially the poorest and most vulnerable communities. Hundreds of millions of people were poor and malnourished even before the outbreak of the pandemic, and if appropriate measures and actions are not taken, these numbers are expected to increase globally. The aim of this paper is to analyze the consequences of the pandemic on global communities, their food security, poverty and social exclusion. In the long run, the combined effects of COVID-19 itself, appropriate mitigation measures and a new global recession could, without coordinated action, disrupt food systems and deepen (already existing) poverty and social exclusion of certain individuals, groups and/or communities. The results of the research propose measures to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on food security, poverty and social exclusion, which can be a fertile basis for creating appropriate (social) policies that will be in line with the Millennium Development Goals.

MODERN PERSPECTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY

2026-03-18T21:13:34+01:00

The modern understanding of development, as a process of continuous solution of numerous and diverse social and economic needs, whose success is measured by increasingly complex systems of indicators, requires a re-examination of many traditional understandings, especially when it comes to modalities and dynamics of economic growth and development. The framework of economic development, ie the level of economic development of a certain economic system, is defined through the analysis of the growth of material production and national income, with simultaneous structural changes and changes in the functioning of a given economy on a general, upward path. These changes are both quantitative and qualitative, meaning both an increase in all elements of the economy (although not in the same proportion), and their change under the influence of scientific and technical progress, and changes in the social and natural environment - the environment. The size of this cost varies from country to country depending on the achieved level of economic and scientific-technological development, available raw materials and energy resources, spatial distribution of production, but also on the population density of certain areas and the achieved level of urbanization. In addition, all these environmental constraints are characterized by a very high degree of interconnectedness, which leads to worsening environmental conditions of development in recent decades. a place of ecological-economic approach to the study of the phenomenon of development. (Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, 1992).

BANKING UNION OF THE EURO AREA IN THE PERIOD OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS

2026-03-18T21:09:57+01:00

The growing dynamics of the European banking sector and the internationalization of banking operations have greatly changed the basic way in which many banks operate. Also, the financial crisis of 2008 created the need for a banking union. However, the question is often asked in theory whether a banking union is a precondition for the creation of a fiscal union or even a political union if a favorable atmosphere is created and the conditions for such an integration endeavor are provided.
How efficient this creation is in its functioning is evident only in the conditions of crisis. However, there are often differing opinions on this issue. Also, many question whether the European Central Bank, as a key regulatory unit of this system, is just a brake on the further development of banking. The new crisis has largely shown the true efficiency of the banking union in neutralizing the effects of crises, which was essentially the motive for its formation.
This paper aims to analyze the efficiency of the central regulatory body of the Eurozone in organizing the day-to-day operations of the banking system and to observe it as the main reason for the relatively stable banking system of the Eurozone. Also, special attention is paid to the period after the new socio-economic crisis caused by the coronavirus.

ETHICAL ADVERTISING FOR A POSITIVE SOCIAL IMPACT

2026-03-18T21:06:02+01:00

Technology, science, almost every human activity is (can be) dangerous without ethics. This is especially true for advertising, which has an impact on a large number of people, on their physical and mental health, and on the environment. Ethical advertising is advertising that has a positive impact on people, with the least harm to the environment. There is no ethical advertising without ethical business. Ethical business is a socially responsible business; a business that is responsible to society. The article presents the definition, principles, and methods of ethical advertising, including digital marketing and self-promotion tools with four examples of ethical projects from the author's practice; (1) the #Buy responsibly campaign, (2) TOTI DCA daily activity center for the elderly people, (3) the project "Maribor, the European Capital of Social Economy" and (4) the environmental cleaning campaign Let's Clean Slovenia in One Day. It also presents two emerging opportunities for international cooperation: (1) Buy Social and (2) the Balkan School of Social Economy within the European Business School of Social Economy. Ethical advertising of presented ethical projects had a positive social and environmental impact.

ASSESSMENT OF SECURITY COUNCIL ACTIVITIES IN PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES

2026-03-18T07:12:51+01:00

According to the theory of international law, when disputes arise in international relations, states have possibility to resolve it directly by negotiations or by formal judicial or arbitration procedure. Those methods offer relative freedom to states in finding solution for the dispute that has arisen, independent of any third competent authority. Security Council as the most important body of the United Nations plays an active role in settlement of disputes between states, when it establishes that concrete situation represents a threat to international peace and security. Direct negotiations between the states often depend on their individual standing and influence in international community, while judicial and arbitration processes are time consuming, uncertain and inconvenient when there is a pressing need to resolve conflicting situation. For those reasons, smaller states, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, other states in the region or any other state that in protection of their interests relies on international law rather than diplomatic, economic or military power, must resort to system of collective security under auspices of the Organization of United Nations.
Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter, which defines authority of Security Council for peaceful settlement of disputes, is often considered one of its most imprecise or vague chapters. Experiences in implementation of those norms, especially in recent times, are testament of numerous dilemmas related to the meaning of the text and confusion created by its implementation in relations between the states. There are no uniform, clear and universally accepted guidelines which would help passing important decisions, bearing significance on protection of vital national interests or application of basic principles of the UN Charter, such as prohibition of the use of force, or decisions reached with purpose of maintaining peace and security in the world.
In order to make contribution to clear and consistent interpretation of the Chapter VI of the UN Charter, we should seek answers to key questions related to the nature of the dispute brought to the attention of the Security Council, different means of settlement or actions at its disposal as well as to the consequences of its activities, from the perspective of international law.

LIABILITY FOR DEFECTIVE PRODUCTS AND THE EPITOME OF COMPENSATION UNDER EU CONSUMER LAW: IS THE LEGAL FRAME ADEQUATELY SHAPED?

2026-03-18T07:09:31+01:00

The study approaches the problematics of the allocating of compensatory damages for physical damage and patrimonial damages caused to consumers by the use or interaction with a defective product, respectively of whether there is unjustified negligence or concurrent fault. Should the liable party invoke the risk of development, producers can be cleared of liability under certain conditions, notably, if they prove that the defective product has not been voluntarily put into circulation or that the defect was due to the compliance of the product with mandatory regulations issued by public authorities; nevertheless, the burden of proof pertaining to the exempt of liability lies on the producers’ shoulders, including the cases in which the state of scientific or technical knowledge at the time the product was put into circulation could not facilitate the detecting of the defect in the testing stage. The epitome of compensation in defective products liability cases not only depend on the possibility of the claimant to establish the conditions for the existence of a duty of care (product security), but also depends on whether or not the misrepresentation has been incorporated into the contract, as depicted by the provisions of Directive (EU) 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services and Directive (EU) 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of products.

REPORTING OBLIGATIONS IN THE FUNCTION OF PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF NON-CONTROLLED SHAREHOLDERS

2026-03-18T07:06:23+01:00

With the listed companies on the Banja Luka Stock Exchange, it is noticeable that a large number do not adhere to their legally prescribed obligations that are brought to the timely publication of information on business activities. In this regard, the research problem is the unfavorable position of minority shareholders in terms of information on business activities and business results of issuers listed on the capital market. The aim of this paper is to present a critical review of the justification of certain applicable norms and sanctions that exist for non-compliance and to propose more effective measures to preserve the rights of non-controlling shareholders through the presentation of statutory reporting obligations, as well as the role of other institutions, bodies, and entities in this issue and protecting the interests of all stakeholders. Also, the possible legal and economic consequences of the violation of shareholders' rights will be pointed out. The research method is originally a method of induction, when reviewing the current legal regulations, from individual norms to general ones. The conclusion of the research is that a fine for authorized persons who have a subject duty in the company or a ban on voting rights over shares of controlling shareholders would be more effective for compliance with statutory obligations to publish information and reporting, in the interest of all stakeholders, especially minority shareholders. The most important result of the proposed measures is the possibility of achieving timely reporting, so that investors (shareholders) and all other interested parties receive timely information that may affect the investment decision-making process, and avoid negative phenomena such as information asymmetry and agency problems. This "timely transparency" is the basis for establishing full confidence, which should result in all the synergistic positive effects of the capital market.

MEMBERS OF THE LGBT COMMUNITY UNDER ARTICLE 10 OF THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

2026-03-18T07:03:04+01:00

Although we live in a time of normalization of the promotion of the rights of members of the LGBT community, the problems faced by this community are still numerous. As a consequence of the history of this issue and the constant manifestation of prejudice, violence and discrimination, members of the LGBT community have become a minority whose rights under the Convention are particularly endangered. In this paper, the authors focus on the specific field of violations of the rights of members of the LGBT community guaranteed by Article 10 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which are inevitably viewed through the prism of discrimination. In order to connect the theory and proclaimed rights with the scope and problems that arise in real life situations, the authors devoted part of the paper to the review and analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights regarding the violation of Article 10 of the Convention. The paper presents conclusions on frequent and typical violations of the rights of members of the LGBT community, expert criticism of the arguments of the states against which applications have been submitted to the European Court, as well as an analysis of the stand of the European Court.

CONSEQUENCES OF NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

2026-03-18T06:56:19+01:00

Negotiations with the World Trade Organization and membership in it represent one of the de facto conditions for membership in the European Union, which is the basic goal of our foreign policy. In the first part of the paper, the authors discussed the historical aspect of Serbia's current position in the World Trade Organization, and the reasons why Serbia, although a signatory to the General Agreement on Customs and Trade, is now only an observer in the World Trade Organization.
The second part of the paper is dedicated to a specific part of the negotiations concerning the environment, i.e. whether Serbia's membership in the World Trade Organization depends exclusively on the adoption of regulations governing the field of genetically modified organisms, i.e. what are the conditions that Serbia needs to meet for full membership, through a review of substantive regulations and international acts.
The third part of the paper points to the problems faced by the Republic of Serbia in internal environmental protection, with an emphasis on farming, while the last part of the paper is dedicated to potential solutions to problems that arise during the negotiations.

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION OF MONEY LAUNDERING AT THE REAL ESTATE MARKET

2026-03-18T06:50:25+01:00

The real estate market is attractive for investment property gains obtained illegally with the aim of making it legitimate. Namely, the possibility of paying real estate with cash of dubious origin, the use of shell companies and trusts to create complicated ownership structures are just some of the methods of money laundering in the real estate market. The aim of this paper is to present the measures and actions taken during the criminal investigation of money laundering. Special attention is paid to financial investigations, which is an important means of detecting and proving illegally acquired property. For the purposes of this research, a semi-structured interview was conducted with authorised official person employed in law enforcement agencies in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The results of the research indicate that during the criminal investigation of money laundering on the real estate market, quality evidence was collected by taking actions aimed at obtaining evidence and special investigative actions. The conclusions derived from this research indicate the importance of cooperation between police bodies, prosecutors, and other entities, with the necessary engagement of experts and timely obtaining of data on financial transactions by banks and other legal entities.

CRIMINOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE INTERNET AND ITS ROLE IN CYBER CRIME

2026-03-18T06:46:39+01:00

Due to its many characteristics, the Internet deserves special attention in criminology, as well as criminal law and politics. Today, the Internet has become a global, current, interactive module and a civilizational apparatus that enables automated information processing. Due to its various features, the Internet provides unique opportunities for cybercrime, which includes the use of computer networks to achieve this goal. This paper offers an overview of research on how and why the Internet provides unique opportunities for criminal activities, as well as what this means for the management of (cyber) crime or high-tech crime. It outlines some typologies of cybercrime and lists certain risk factors on the Internet that, when combined, create a specific incentive framework for crime. The paper itself briefly addresses the threats and vulnerabilities of law enforcement and other countermeasures, as well as what little is known about cybercriminals, organized cybercrime, and cyber victims. Despite the scarcity of empirical studies on cybercrime, ie cybercrime, the theoretical findings and hypotheses presented in the literature support the conclusion that the Internet is changing crime and that a new kind of adaptability is being created. Research indicates that cybercrime is becoming more organized, more extensive and diverse, with an increasing division of labor and that it is increasingly in synergy with so-called offline organized crime. Moreover, there appears to be a large correlation between offline and online victimization in certain offenses. Now that the use of the Internet has become commonplace in everyday life, criminology, as well as criminal law and politics, should more often include the Internet and cybercrime in their daily practice, while focusing even more on the peculiarities and nuances of the Internet as a special phenomenon.

GEOPOLITCS, GLOBALIZATION AND SECURITY

2026-03-18T06:42:37+01:00

Todayʼs modern man is very interested in the environment in which he lives and exists. Based on that, manʼs great interest in futur reality in geopolitcs, espesially in the context of the intensity that is going to change and create geopolitical order. Geopolitical order has direct link to future geopolitical factors and other phenomena that are independent or in some kind of interaction contribute to establishing certain system of political power and influence in certain area. For future geopolitical environment apart of great deal of circumstances that defines it, globalization whit circumstantes that follow is set on special level. Globalization as a todeyʼs phenomenom is more and more significand. Factors of the future geopolitical changes in modern society, such as globalization, inequality and etc. have great influence on future security in the enviroment, but also the future strategy of security that needs to have adequate response for security challenges and threats. This paper has a goal to point out not only conceptual meaning and the significance of geopolitics and its factors of future geopolitical shanges, but also to point out the influence of geopolitical factors on security, on all levels, and especially influence on security threats and challenges in todeyʼs modern society.

LEGAL CUSTOMS AND MORAL STANDARDS FOR WAIVER OF INHERITANCE

2026-03-17T20:32:47+01:00

The relationship between legal, moral and customary norms in the renunciation of inheritance is a topic that is interesting from both a theoretical and a positive legal aspect. The author deals with the issue of mutual influence and conditionality of customs, morals and legal regulations in renunciation of heritage in some countries of the region, primarily in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The theoretical approach to this topic is different, so positive legal solutions to this issue are uneven. it is about the rights of countries that have mostly the same or similar historical and legal heritage in this area.
The relevance of the topic of the paper is reflected in the analysis of the attitudes of supporters and opponents of inheritance agreements that are not open, and for which supporters of these agreements point out that they are significantly present in latent forms in countries whose positive law does not allow them. The author also deals with the moral aspect of the custom that, especially in rural areas, female heirs more often renounce inheritance in favor of their male relatives. The analysis of the research of the Ethnographic Institute of SANU, positive legislation, characteristic examples from the practice of courts and other state bodies, institutions and individuals dealing with this topic served the author to give his opinion on the opposing views of supporters and opponents of these agreements.

THE INFLUENCE OF SUPERNATIONAL COURTS ON ADMINISTRATIVE JUDICIAL LAW

2026-03-17T20:27:34+01:00

The legislative competence of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, on the one hand, and the very active role of the Court of Justice of the European Communities in law-making, on the other hand, clearly indicate that a specific, mixed legal system of state regulation is emerging in the European Union. It is evident that in continental Europe, through community law, and especially through the practice of European courts, legal rules from the Anglo-American area are gradually penetrating. We are witnessing the convergence of different legal systems and the gradual denationalization of law, which should lead to a higher degree of legal unity, and in the opinion of many authors, the creation of a new us commune europium. The European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Communities could play a special role in harmonizing rights. The practice of these courts could serve as a guide for national courts facing many problems, primarily concerning the complementarity of the acquis Communautaire, which is proceeding too quickly and with far-reaching consequences for the legal, economic and social stability of many countries and the European Union.
Keywords: European law, supranational courts, unification, harmonization, judgments, case law.

WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO A DECEASED BODY?

2026-03-17T20:22:26+01:00

In the course of his life an individual has the right to self-determination and other constitutionally guaranteed personal rights that have to be respected during medical procedures. After death, his personality extinguishes, but his body, from the medical point of view, remains relevant out of, at least two reasons: 1) as a potential source of transplant organs; 2) as a corpse to be used to study anatomy at medical schools. And, while much has been said about cadaveric organ transplant, the second issue has not evoked much interest in the theory of medical law – although it represents quite a complex topic, as much significant as the first mentioned. On one hand, the education of future medical workers is of vital interest for the society and cannot be imagined without practical exercises on cadavers. On the other hand, there is the issue of pious treatment of the corpse, which also should be accounted for as both personal and public interest. In this paper the authors analyze the regulations related to acquiring cadavers for performing practical medical exercises at anatomy classes in Serbia and the countries in the region in order to determine whether the balance between the above mentioned interests have been reached, or maybe one of them has been unjustifiably favored. In that context they attempt to respond to the question who has the right to deceased body and the right to decide what will be its destiny. The results of these analyses are given in the form of recommendations for the modification of examined regulations not only for the purpose of finding the best balance between the aforementioned interests, but also in order to open the path for an easier way of obtaining cadavers used for the educational purposes.

NEW MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR SOFTWARE SOLUTION OF MODIFIED TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM

2026-03-17T13:58:37+01:00

Modern software solutions are intensively used to reduce the costs of day-to-day operations of companies and organizations from various domains of industry and services. It is easy to see the benefits of using ICT (information - communication technology) on the transaction automation in banks, insurance companies, as well as other organizations that communicate directly with users of their products and services. On the other hand, companies that are not in direct focus may also require ICT support for lower costs, as well as, more efficient and effective results of their own business. The focus of the work will be on companies that deal with transportation services in a specific way. We are witnessing the current expansion of civil engineering in the territory of the Republic of Serbia and the aim is to provide a basis for developing a software solution that will allocate resources of different transportation companies (trucks) in an optimal way taking into account different optimization criteria: distance from base to target location, truck load capacity, amount of material transported) and etc. The paper will present a solution to this problem in the form of a specially adapted and modified mathematical model as a special version of the transport problem.
Keywords: model, software, solution, operational research, transportation.

DESIGNING A DIGITAL SYSTEM FOR LIQUID LEVEL INDICATION USING COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS AND MICROCONTROLLER SYSTEMS

2026-03-17T13:52:20+01:00

Modern educational trends are based on the information technology implementation in the teaching process, at all levels of education with the aim of engaging students as active participants. Numerous studies showed that this approach greatly increases the interest in monitoring the teaching content, and thus has a positive effect on enlarging the level of student’s achievement. In this paper, we presented an innovative laboratory exercise for the liquid level indication. Two general-purpose digital systems are presented. The first one is based on the use of complex combinational logic circuits and appropriate drivers, while the second one is based on the use of a microcontroller Arduino platform and an external sensor module (K-0135). As a result of the research, a review of both systems has been made and the problems that arose during the implementation of combinational logics were presented. In addition, it was also concluded that the microcontroller approach proved to be very precise in the experimental environment. In the conclusion, a comparative presentation of the traditional and innovated realization of the laboratory exercise is given. Based on all the above-mentioned, we pointed out the necessity of implementing microcontrollers in classroom learning, while commenting on the problems that schools and faculties face in the process of realizing this intention.

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE GAME ’SEAWAYS’

2026-03-17T13:49:00+01:00

This paper is deducated to the development of software for the role of the main player in the game Seaways, which was created in Unity Game Engine using the C# programming language. At the beginning of the paper, the basic characteristics of the Unity Game Engine are presented. Then, the paper presents the procedure of creating the user interface and the program code which makes sure that the game works. In addition to Unity Game Engine, the following programs were also used: Blender, GIMP and Audacity. The game is intended for players of all ages and it serves to make the user of the program (the player) have fun in one’s free time. Computer games are becoming more and more complex, because the target population of users is not only children, but also adults, who according to various research spend even more time playing games than children. In this paper, we also give a proposal for further improvement of the game.

MATERIALS AND SHADING ON BUILDINGS IN 3 DS MAX PROGRAM

2026-03-17T13:46:24+01:00

Thanks to the accelerated development of information and communication technologies, there are numerous tools and programs on the market today that are used for education and training. As a creative scientific discipline, design has the opportunity to apply numerous tools for the realization of its ideas, ideas through numerous projects. One of the tools that has gained great popularity for 3D graphics is Autodesk 3DS Max. It is used in architecture, design, graphics, visualization, medical simulation, forensic expertise, visualization for visual purposes, virtual reality, art. The paper describes materials, their significance, samples, change of parameters in 3DS, some types of shading and application of materials on objects are presented.

ONLINE TEACHING DURING COVID-19, ITS – BELGRADE, THE CASE STUDY

2026-03-17T13:43:49+01:00

Information Technology School ITS- Belgrade, College of Vocational Studies, thanks to modern tools, information technology, information systems, information and communication technologies, enjoys an excellent reputation among the professional and academic public in the Republic of Serbia, as well as among academics. The article brings a case study - a model of teaching in this higher vocational school in pre-Covid conditions, which provided the school with an easy transition to online education during the declaration of a state of emergency in the Republic of Serbia. This model resulted in continuous teaching, care for teachers, associates and non-teaching staff. And the satisfaction of students and other stakeholders.
ITS uses the following communication software in its work: Information system (IS ITS), Distance Learning System (DLS), Testing and Learning Software (TLS), Content Management Server (CMS), Student Web Portal and Library software. Thanks to the strategic commitment of ITS to deliver top quality to its students and employees, without compromise and the use of leading hardware and software in everyday work, ITS during Covid -19 provided standardized teaching to which the student of this higher education institution is accustomed, without compromising the educational process as well as employee health.

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT ANALYSIS USING DATA MINING TECHNIQUES

2026-03-17T13:40:38+01:00

The paper presents an example of the application of artificial neural networks for predicting the type of traffic accidents. Data for the period January-December 2019 in Čačak were analyzed. Data was collected from the open data portal https://data.gov.rs. Microsoft Visual Studio and Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio were used as tools. The model consists of an input layer (with parameters date, time and type), a hidden layer and an output layer with one neuron for predicting the type of accident. In order to evaluate the obtained model, 10-fold cross validation was used. Web-based application was created to display the results. The advantage is reflected in the Web-based application that allows users to use an artificial neural network while the limitations of the study require a larger number of measurements for more accurate results.

OPTIMIZING ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF AVR BASED IoT DEVICES

2026-03-17T13:37:59+01:00

In recent years, we have witnessed an increasing number of IoT devices in almost all spheres of life. Regardless of mobility or mode of communication, it is expected from IoT devices to work for years without failure, despite the fact that they are battery powered. Therefore, the key challenge is energy efficiency and to reduce battery consumption to a minimum, which will facilitate maintenance and extend the life of IoT devices and the complete system. This paper presents some of the techniques for reducing the battery consumption of IoT devices based on the AVR family of microcontrollers. In addition to turning off external devices and sensors, these techniques include putting the microcontroller into sleep mode, turning off individual modules and registers, reducing the operating voltage of the microcontroller and using lower operating frequencies.

E – BOOK AND ITS ACADEMIC FUTURE

2026-03-17T13:30:57+01:00

The development of the e-book, in recent years, has initiated numerous debates and analysis, emphasizing reading habits as well as the effects of the mass digitalization, partially including coronavirus pandemic this last year. E – books are available in various formats, and they include various media. The highest domination is achieved in the USA, whereas in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the use of e-books is still of insufficient scale. This paper points out the research of the academic use of e-books in comparison to the printed ones and its eventual domination. Precisely, higher education libraries have still been indecisive to enrich its library fund with e-books considering copyrights and fulfilling the users needs. Changes have been evident in relation to publishing electronic reference books, including the support of open access publications. Considering education as computer-based, specially this last year from the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, the reserach has been conducted aiming to gain clearer perception of teh academic use of e-books at the University of Travnik.

SWELLING KINETICS OF ENERGY EFFICIENTLY SYNTHESIZED HYDROGELS INTENDED FOR HYGIENE PRODUCTS

2026-03-17T13:17:25+01:00

Environmental threats such as pollution, climate change, depletion of fossil fuels reserves has imposed an urgent need to take action in looking for sustainable solutions. One of the items of environmental protection is energy saving, which is especially important in manufacturing of widespread use materials such as acrylate superabsorbents. The global market for superabsorbents is growing and entails their simple, ecological, cost-effective manufacturing. Energy-efficient production provides reduction of time, production costs and CO₂ emissions and increases product competitiveness in the market. Increasing energy efficiency in the production of acrylate hydrogels can be achieved using the microwave instead of conventional heating, which significantly simplifies the whole procedure, reduces the synthesis duration a few dozen times, resulting in high yield and specific hydrogel morphology that enables fast swelling response. Results of swelling measurements in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) have shown that swelling ratio increases with increasing in acrylic acid amount in hydrogel composition. Swelling of hydrogels at pH 7.4 and 37 ºC follows the second-order kinetics. Swelling ratio-time dependence was estimated using the regression analysis as a fast and simple method based on the assumption of the equation for a given empirical dependence.

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES OF THE FIRST BIGINELLI-BASED ORGANOGELS

2026-03-17T13:14:47+01:00

Organogels are semi-solid materials in which gelator molecules in the presence of chosen organic solvent compose self-assembled mesh structure that prevent solvent to flow. During a past few decades, the application of different organogel systems into numerous areas of materials science has been approved (e. g. drug delivery). Considering crucial importance in biotechnology we synthetized self-assembled organogels and investigated their antioxidative activity. The Biginelli reaction is common and efficient for creation of 1,2,3,4- tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (THPM) from a β-ketoester, an aldehyde, and a urea/thiourea. Therefore, the monomers were prepared via Biginelli reaction using divanillin-based aldehydes, urea, and 2-(acetoacetoxy) ethyl methacrylate (AEMA) as reactants. The gels were prepared using appropriated monomer in DMSO as an organogelator. The synthetized gels were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, SEM and rheology. All prepared gels showed high antioxidative capacity measured by EPR. This report of an antioxidant self-assembled organogels presents a new and first application of the Biginelli reaction as well as Biginelli hybrids in materials science.

REMOVAL OF Pb2 + IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY MODIFIED HYDROCHAR OF THE SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE

2026-03-17T13:11:59+01:00

In this study, the chemical activation hydrochar of the spent mushroom substrate was used to examine its potential for application as a sorbent in order to remove Pb2+ from aqueous solutions. The hydrocar was prepared in a hydrothermal reactor at a temperature of 200 °C for a reaction time of 1 h. It was then chemically modified with 20 % CaCl2. Structural analysis of spent mushroom substrate and modified hydrochar was performed by SEM analysis. Based on this analysis, an increase in the porosity of the material was observed after hydrothermal carbonization. Also, the increase in the adsorption capacity of the modified hydrochar in relation to the spent mushroom substrate can be explained by the formation of pores on the surface of the carbon material. Respectively, based on the obtained results, it was noticed that during the adsorption process, Ca2+ ions are released into the filtrate, while Pb2+ ions occupy the binding sites. Preliminary results have shown that the process of hydrothermal carbonization can synthesize a new, eco-friendly material, which can be used as a sorbent of heavy metals for wastewater treatment.

RHEOLOGICAL EQUATION FOR FRP REINFORCED CONCRETE MODEL

2026-03-17T13:03:13+01:00

Rheological models represent a powerful tool for creating a comprehensive phenomenological view of the strain response, especially in structures exposed to long-term loading. Models are often arranged to fit experimental results, and this is achieved by including empirical parameters in their formation. Combining theoretically ideal bodies with well-defined rheological characteristics produces models that, in rheological terms, give results similar to the actual behaviour of the material. In this paper, a rheological model of concrete reinforced with FRP composite reinforcement is presented and its rheological equation is derived. This complex rheological model, developed by parallel binding of basic Hooke and complex Burger model, is very useful in the visualization of flow effects, especially in the superposition of strains. Influential parameters for the model with variable physical characteristics over time were analysed. In particular, the influence of the elasticity modulus of the composite material was considered and it was concluded that the ultimate creep strain depends on this parameter, while the age at the time of loading, in this model, has no effect on it. The actual time-dependant behaviour of FRP reinforced concrete in real time interval can be well described by the given model.

CORROSION OF SMA MATERIALS

2026-03-17T13:00:33+01:00

The research of new materials on the basis of memory shape today occupies the special attention of researchers in various industrial fields, such as medicine, traffic, robotics, etc. This paper analyzes the possibility of applying SMA in the maritime industry in terms of monitoring the behavior of memory shaped alloys in different marine environments. The subject of the research are alloys Cu-Al-Ni and Ni-Ti CC processed by continuous casting in the shape of rectangular bars Ni-Ti as cast processed by casting in the shape of a round rods. The chemical composition of the samples was measured at the beginning, after six and twelve months. The samples were analyzed by the method of energy dispersion spectrophotometric analysis showing changes in chemical composition. According to the obtained results, oxidation in Cu-Al-Ni indicates passivation of aluminum and a drop in copper which indicates pit formation, while oxidation in Ni-Ti alloys indicates passivation of titanium. Comparing Ni-Ti alloys, it can be concluded that Ni-Ti CC indicates a uniform chemical composition of nickel and titanium and thus better behavior in the marine environment than Ni-Ti as cast. By monitoring the chemical composition of all alloys, we conclude that the most intense corrosion process is on the sea surface, while the weakest is in the air.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALGORITHM FOR CNC MACHINING QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

2026-03-17T12:57:37+01:00

The production of parts on CNC machines is one of the most common techniques used in modern manufacturing processes. CAM software generates NC programs that are mathematically exact and usually contain constant cutting parameters for a particular tool path and does not simulate the expected machined part quality (accuracy of machinning and the machined surfaces quality), and also does not take into account parameters that affect process errors. The aim of the paper is to develop an algorithm for improving the quality and accuracy of processing and its implementation on CNC machines. Based on the input parameters, from the existing knowledge and processing error database, the algorithm will recognize the expected error and regenerate the NC code (obtained by appropriate CAD/CAM software based on technological and geometric processing parameters) and create new NC code that will enable better processing. The algorithm obtained at this stage would be further applied under laboratory conditions to a particular CNC machine in order to verify its application.

EFFECT OF CAM SYSTEMS INTEGRATION INTO PRECISE PRODUCTION OF TOLERATED GROOVES

2026-03-17T12:49:58+01:00

The issue of precision groove milling is constantly addressed in manufacturing companies focused on the production of components for every type of industry. In this area, companies face implementation problems, explore the efficiency of production or the possibility of integrating CAM systems in the area. The integration of CAM systems is an attribute that is increasingly being considered precisely because of the rapid development of digitization. In conjunction with other attributes, which include accuracy, speed, productivity, and the ability to respond to change in practice, the integration of CAM systems becomes a deciding existential factor in the company. This article focuses on the impact of the integration of CAM systems in the manufacturing of tolerated grooves. It provides a general overview of several systems in determining the same production parameters. The conclusion brings a general description of the achieved results and their summary. This research was supported by research grant VEGA 1/0080/20 and KEGA 014TUKE-4/2020.

DIGITAL ERGONOMICS – A PART OF INDUSTRY 4.0 STATEGY

2026-03-16T14:34:47+01:00

The current trend in the field of industrial solutions is progress in the sense of Industry 4.0, ie among other things, in the digitization of comprehensive production solutions, systems and processes. Digitization is becoming a part of any area - manufacturing or non-manufacturing, while also intervening in the HSE Management area, with connected to ergonomics. Given the undeniable benefits of digitization, it is essential to pay attention to it and focus on the main aspects of its application. This article provides the presentation of the digital ergonomics issue, which has become part of the Industry 4.0 concept in the development of technology, processes, and systems. Also, this article provides a summarization of current trends in this field and a description of its basic idea concept. This research was supported by research grant VEGA 1/0431/21 and KEGA 014TUKE-4/2020.

INTRODUCTION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF INDUSTRY 4.0 IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF MICRO-ENTERPRISE – CASE STUDY

2026-03-16T14:32:08+01:00

Today's development of technology enables the application of the principles of development of production processes defined by the goals of Industry 4.0, and the adaptation of existing automated production processes developed according to the principles of Industry 3.0. The question is whether in the case of micro-enterprises, i.e. craft shops, where the production process can at best be described according to the principles of Industry 2.0, the production process can be transformed in a sustainable way in accordance with current trends, i.e. to be in accordance with indications of the next industrial revolution, which, according to some predictions, will rely to a much greater extent on the interaction of people and the industrial environment. The paper presents a case study of the transformation of a manual-mechanized production process of a micro-company engaged in the production of decorative medallion tiles, into a production process that corresponds to trends defined by Industry 4.0 principles, and conclusions related to possible development trends in this type of company.

APPLICATION OF TAGUCHI METHOD AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS IN END MILLING OF ALUMINUM 6082-T6

2026-03-16T14:29:31+01:00

This paper presents the Taguchi method and regression analysis for obtaining surface roughness in end milling of aluminum 6082-T6. Surface roughness was measured using a Mahr profilometer. The values of the experimental measurements were compared with the values obtained by regression analysis. The optimization was performed using the Taguchi method, which showed the greatest influence of the cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut) on surface roughness.

EFFECT OF MILK FAT CONTENT ON THE QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH CHEESE

2026-03-16T14:26:34+01:00

Milk fat is a very important ingredient in milk and plays a significant role in cheese production. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of fat content in milk on the quality characteristics of produced fresh cheese. For the purposes of this work, three cheese samples from milk with different fat content (1.5%, 2.8% and 3.2%) were produced. To define the quality of produced cheeses, the following analyzes were performed: determination of moisture, ash, protein, fat, chloride content, determination of acidity, pH measurement, water activity measurement, instrumental color measurement, instrumental texture measurement and sensory analysis. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that the fat content in milk had a statistically significant (p<0.05) effect on the physico-chemical and sensory properties of fresh cheese. Increasing the fat content in milk leads to an increase in the dry matter and fat content, as well as a decrease in the total water and protein content in the cheese. Instrumental measurements of color and texture showed that the increase in fat content in milk causes an increase in lightness (L* value) and an increase in the value for hardness of the analyzed cheeses. It can be concluded that the higher content of milk fat has a positive effect on the quality of fresh cheese, especially on the sensory properties. Sensory analysis showed that sample 3, which was produced from milk with the highest fat content, was the most acceptable and had the highest scores for the observed sensory properties.

INFLUENCE OF COAGULATION CONDITIONS ON THE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF ACID-COAGULATING CHEESES

2026-03-16T14:20:04+01:00

Cheese is a product of high nutritional quality, which is created by coagulation of milk. Acid-coagulating cheeses are produced by the action of high temperatures with the addition of organic acids. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of coagulation temperature and coagulant type on the mineral composition of cheeses, obtained by heat-acid coagulation of milk. Protein coagulation was performed at a temperature of 85 °C (samples 1, 3, 5) and 95 °C (samples 2, 4, 6), and three organic acids were used as coagulants, namely: citric acid (samples 1 and 2), tartaric acid (samples 3 and 4) and acetic acid (samples 5 and 6). The content of total ash in the cheese was determined by mineralization of the samples at 550 ºC. The instrument ICP-OES Optima 8000, manufactured by Perkin Elmer, was used to determine the content of macroelements and microelements in the produced cheeses. Cheese samples produced with acetic acid had statistically significantly higher (p<0.05) amounts of total ash compared to other samples. It was found that the coagulation temperature and the type of coagulant statistically significantly (p<0.05) affect the mineral composition of the produced cheeses. The following element concentrations were determined (in mg/100 g): calcium 84.10-246.62; sodium 79.07-114.09; potassium 29.96-40.28; magnesium 5.88-11.22; phosphorus 56.86-209.23; zinc 2.75-3.41. Other identified elements were present in much smaller quantities in the tested samples.

CHARACTERISTICS OF PSEUDOMONAS SPP. FROM RAW MILK

2026-03-16T13:12:09+01:00

The genus Pseudomonas is a heterogeneous and ecologically important group of microorganisms, widely distributed in milk, water and the environment. They are classified as opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms for humans, animals and plants. The aim of this study was to examine the proteolytic, lipolytic activity and biofilm formation in isolates derived from milk. The material was pooled samples of raw milk from which isolates of Pseudomonas species (n=60) were isolated. Proteolytic ability was tested on nutrient agar with casein and lipolytic ability on Tributyrin agar. The ability of Pseudomonas species isolates to produce biofilm was tested in vitro by the Crystal Violet (CV) method on microtiter plates. In all 60 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. proteolytic and lipolytic activity from milk has been demonstrated. Isolates of Pseudomonas spp. originating from milk created a biofilm. Of the 60 isolates, 54 (90%) produced a biofilm of varying intensity, while 6 (10%) isolates did not produce a biofilm at all. The largest number, 42 (70%) of isolates of Pseudomonas spp. can be classified into medium-adherent isolates, 10 (16,67%) isolates as weakly-adherent and only 2 (3,33%) isolates as strongly-adherent isolates.
Isolates of Pseudomonas spp. from milk are good producers of biofilm, proteolytes and lipolytes so that they can cause rotten milk, and their finding is a consequence of contamination and poor hygiene conditions during the process of obtaining milk.

GASTRONOMY OFFER OF VEGETABLE DISHES

2026-03-16T13:09:06+01:00

The production of pre-prepared meals is an activity that has been an integral part of catering for many years. Pre-prepared meals as part of the gastronomic offer can play an important role in the promotion of any catering facility. The whole process of food preparation cannot be imagined without vegetables. Vegetables are an integral part of a person's daily diet. Those are fat low and carbohydrates low but rich with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber. The task of this paper was to perform an analysis of vegetable dishes by gangs and heat treatment methods. The aim of the research was to determine the structure of vegetable dishes, and to determine vegetable participation in the gastronomy offer of the company "Story Catering" in India. The menu of this company is very diverse and consists 200 dishes, of which 90 dishes were considered in this paper. The analysis of the menu showed that vegetables were used in the preparation of 84.45% dishes, while 15.55% dishes do not contain vegetables. The results showed that 15.55% analyzed meals contains only one type of vegetable while 48.88% dishes contain three or more types of vegetables, which achieves high diversity in the menu. The most commonly used vegetables were onion, carrot, pepper, tomato and potato. The percentage of vegetables in dishes ranges from 1.11% to 100%. The lowest participation of vegetables was in grilled dishes, while the highest participation was registered in salads. The analysis showed detailed view of the presence of vegetables in various dishes which have great importance in the diet of the population and represent the culture of one nation.

BODY AND TECHNOLOGY - CYBORG AS A NEW PARADIGM OF THE CONTEXT OF IDENTITY IN ART

2026-03-16T13:05:10+01:00

Technology has become an integral element of the modern world, while life without technology is almost unthinkable. It became a necessity to be part of a network, connected with others (and with devices) and present on the Internet if you want to be up to date with the contemporary cultural, political, economic and sociological events; that is if you want to be a part of the contemporary culture, according to the culturologist David Bell (Bell, 2007). Networking and „connectivity“ today are most commonly achieved through portable/wearable technological devices (phones, tablets and computers) from which users are almost inseparable. They have become an integral part of the body, modern prostheses, as Donna Haraway would say (Haraway, 2008). In any case, the new life circumstances in such culture result in a different attitude of man towards reality, self, body and identity. Therefore, in this article, through the technological environment presented in the described artistic performances and installations that not only follow modern technological trends, but also has become a cultural practice and a way of modern life, we explored the relationship between users and technology through the concept of connecting body and device, that is through Donna Haraway’s concept of cyborg, and we showed that it can be considered as a new paradigm of the context of identity.

SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS, OFFENDERS AND NON-OFFENDERS OF BLOOD FELONY

2026-03-15T18:39:07+01:00

Numerous empirical studies were dealing with presence of homicide at mentally ill people whereby they were dealing with their personality and social-demographic characteristics, too. The aim of this assignment was to ascertain if there are some differences between psycho offenders and non-offenders of blood felony in regard to their social-demographic characteristics. A survey was carried out on a sample made of 118 male candidates. The respondents are divided into two groups: group of forensic patients - psycho offenders of blood felony (N=59) and group of hospitalized psycho non-offenders felony (N=59). In an effort to determine two diagnostically homogeneous groups in regard to dichotomist variables (committing blood felony, non-committing blood felony), the questionnaire of social-demographic data, which had been made for this research, was applied to all respondents. The results have proved existence of social-demographic characteristics according to which we can differentiate psychotic offenders from psychotic non-offenders of blood felony. Offenders of blood felony mostly originate from rural areas, they are usually middle child, they have lower education, and the education of their parents is also lower in comparing with non-offenders of blood felony. Most offenders of blood felony are single, and in relation to disease, they are diagnosed as paranoid schizophrenic psychosis.

GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY OF SOCIAL ANXIETY OF STUDENTS: REVIEW OF ONE CYCLE OF GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC WORK

2026-03-15T18:35:06+01:00

Social anxiety disorder is an excessive fear that a person experiences in different social situations where there is a possibility of assessment by other people. This paper presents the group treatment of four students with social anxiety, aged 21 to 25 years, lasting 12 meetings. The goals of the treatment were: to teach students how to deal with anxiety, to improve daily functioning by increasing the number of situations they face and to motivate students to continue exposure after completing the treatment. The intellectual abilities of the participants were tested through the VITI intelligence test, while the personality traits were tested with the Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index, the Beck Anxiety Scale, and the Anxiety Scale in social situations were also used to gain insight into each participant’s specific predispositions of anxiety. Interventions with emphasis on gradual exposure and cognitive restructuring were used in therapeutic work. In particular, the therapy program was created according to the group BKT treatment by Heimberg and Becker (Heimberg and Becker, 2002) but was adapted to the needs and abilities of the participants. At the end of the treatment, students report more efficient treatment of anxiety and better daily functioning, despite the fact that anxiety is present.

SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF HEALTHCARE WORKERS

2026-03-15T18:31:17+01:00

Job satisfaction is the cognitive, affective, and evaluative response of an individual to their job. This study aimed to examine whether there are differences in the general job satisfaction depending on the socio-demographic characteristics of healthcare workers: gender, age, level of education, duration of service, marital status, income and work in shifts. The sample consisted of 257 healthcare workers (74.7% female) from Bosnia and Herzegovina, aged 20 to 64 (M=40.75, SD=11.71). We used the general Job Satisfactin Scale (Judge, Thoresen, Bono, & Patton, 2000) and and socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire. For data processing, the t-test, analysis of variance and the post hoc LSD test was used. In the general job satisfaction, a statistically significant difference was calculated, taking into account age (F(3,248)=6.338, p=.000, ηp2=.071), duration of service (F(3,242)=4.775, p=.003, ηp2=.023), income (F(4,249)=17.662, p=.000, ηp2=.022), and work in shifts (t(252)=3.46, p =.001, ηp2=.045). Healthcare workers aged 31 to 40 years, healthcare workers with less than 10 years of service, healthcare workers who are extremely dissatisfied with income, and healthcare workers working in shifts are the least satisfied with the job. This study's findings indicate that job satisfaction is present in different demographic categories of healthcare workers to varying degrees.
Keywords: general job satisfaction, socio-demographic characteristics, healthcare workers.

ATTITUDES OF EMPLOYEES IN PRIVATE AND STATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS ON THE IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS COMMUNICATION

2026-03-15T18:24:50+01:00

Communication is an important activity that, even unconsciously, we carry out at every moment of our daily functioning.
Although it is well known that good communication is the foundation of successful interpersonal relationships, that it is one of the key elements of success in various professional fields, we witness that very often people do not communicate well or do not recognize the importance of communication for successful business. It is poor business communication in the organizational context that leads to unwanted consequences and is a common cause of misunderstandings, conflicts, withdrawals, resistance, but also insufficient employee efficiency and poor business success.
The aim of this research is to determine whether there are differences in attitudes about the importance of business communication of employees in the field of education. The survey included 150 respondents employed in private and state high schools in the Republic Srpska.
Data from respondents were collected using a questionnaire designed for the purposes of this study.

PSYCHOPATHY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEUROSCIENCE WITH REFERENCE TO LEGAL IMPLICATIONS

2026-03-15T18:21:49+01:00

Psychopathy is a personality trait characterized by emotional instability and deviant behavior. Interpersonal and affective characteristics such as lack of empathy, shame or remorse, as well as behavioral characteristics such as impulsivity, poor control, and antisocial behavior and promiscuity, define psychopathy as a negative impact on the individual and thus on society. Scientists have been researching and collecting evidence and arguments that support the neurobiological basis for psychopathy for years. In recent years, research has begun to reveal changes in the brain that could be the basis for psychopathy, that the neuroanatomy of the brain itself plays one of the important roles in the development of psychopathic personality. In this paper, we will further focus on anatomical changes in the frontal cortex and limbic system as starting points for the etiopathogenesis of psychopathy. From the synthesis of available studies and research, in this review we identify the anatomical and functional characteristics of the brain that characterize psychopathy and examine how such brain abnormalities can explain psychopathic behavior, but also consider the legal aspects and consequences of psychopathy and how it is treated in criminal proceedings through the perspective of American legislation.

IMPLEMENTATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM OF SERBIA - PATIENTS'ATTITUDES ABOUT E-PRESCRIPTION

2026-03-15T17:59:30+01:00

The rapid development and great adaptability of information technologies (IT) have enabled a qualitative and quantitative upgrade of health services and health systems (HS) as a whole. The aim of this paper is to present the attitudes of respondents-users of primary health care services (PHC) regarding the introduction of electronic prescription (e-prescription). Methodology: The cross-sectional study was conducted using a purpose-built questionnaire; The questionnaire contains demographic indicators, questions about the habits and attitudes of respondents towards health, health professionals and the application of IT in health care: respondents answered questions about the waiting time for PHC service, time spent in communication /consultation with health care workers, the efficiency of taking pharmacotherapy using an e-prescription, and the attitude towards the implementation of IT in HS. Completion of the questionnaire was anonymous and voluntary. All respondents gave informed consent to participate in the research. Results of the study: 79.59% of respondents stated that with the introduction of e-prescription, waiting time in health care facilities were shortened; 57.10% state that the time of communication with the health worker was extended, which had a positive effect on the commitment of health workers (65.89%), while the attitude towards improving efficiency was divided. Nevertheless, 93.80% of respondents support the implementation of IT in HS. Conclusion: The introduction of e-prescription in PHC in the Republic of Serbia represents a major step towards the modernization of HS, whose advantages patients recognize and support their further development.

EFFECTS OF MASS MEDIA IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON HEALTH PROMOTION

2026-03-15T17:54:51+01:00

Promoting health through the media can help change the lifestyle in the Covid-19 pandemic, but a lot of caution is needed to maintain optimal health, which represents a balance of physical, emotional, social, mental and intellectual health. The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of health education through the mass media, which must contain ethical and educational principles with adequacy, modernity, permeation of theory and practice, which can be achieved through the engagement of professional health personnel in the mass media. The practical application of medical knowledge obtained through the mass media is limited, if there is no previously acquired theoretical knowledge, and the information is available to everyone. The duration of the Covid-19 pandemic and a large amount of information led to emotional exhaustion and anxiety, which is a general feeling of individuals regardless of their level of education and age. Health education through the mass media that can be adapted to people in a way that they can understand and comprehend, can be considered reliable and successful, and that is one of the greatest challenges in modern society.

CULTIVATING DIVERGENT THINKING IN MATHEMATICS THROUGH OPEN-ENDED TASKS AT PRESCHOOL AGE

2026-03-15T17:47:48+01:00

While relying on all their senses, mental abilities and driven by curiosity, preschool children are constantly exploring and discovering the world around them. The stimuli from the environment to which they react and how they perceive them impact children's thinking and personality development. A child's cognitive potential is exceptional, so it is necessary to encourage, direct and nurture their intellectual development and creativity. Primary mathematics education provides many opportunities in this regard, so it should focus on developing creative and functional thinking - creating new knowledge, overcoming traditional, fixed learning methods, and cultivating the flexibility of solving problem situations and logical tasks.
One of the characteristics of creative thinking is divergent thinking, which Guilford defined as an act of searching for diversity in solving problems without a single fixed solution or thinking in different directions. Open-ended tasks are crucial for developing divergent thinking, and therefore for the development of mathematical creativity. For educational practice, it is relevant to consider the ways to develop divergent thinking in preschoolers through activities in mathematics. Using open-ended tasks, developing combinatorial ideas that are interesting and inspiring to children, using graphs to solve open-ended tasks are possibilities to achieve this. In this paper, we provide an overview of tasks and problem situations that can assist educators to improve their practice.

QUALITY OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICE IN VOCATIONAL SCHOOL FOR CATERING, TRADE AND TOURISM IN BANJA LUKA

2026-03-15T15:42:19+01:00

Quality of educational service in high schools attracts a lot of attention, yet there are not many sci-entific papers that talk about student satisfaction in high school education. Also, we do not know whether the quality of educational service affects students' choices regarding their future careers. What we do know is that a certain number of students upon finishing high school change their vo-cation, either because they grow up and find other interests or due to some other societal reasons. It is very difficult to find an appropriate tool to measure the quality of educational service. The reason for that is because the quality of educational service means different things for different students.This paper aims to discover to what extent are the students satisfied with the quality of education, and whether the students' grade point average affects how they perceive the quality of educational service. The aim is also to give some guidelines to the school management and teachers as to how to improve the quality of education in VSCTT in Banja Luka. If possible, students' satisfaction should be enhanced and their dissatisfaction should be minimised.

MASTER APPLIED STUDIES FOR PRESCHOOL TEACHERS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE DURING THE COVID 19 EPIDEMIC

2026-03-15T15:29:42+01:00

In the circumstances caused by the epidemic of the Covid 19 virus, higher education institutions in Serbia, as in most countries, are facing numerous challenges and changes in their regular functioning. The paper presents the results of the research aimed at establishing the opinion of students about the conditions of distance learning as well as what obstacles they face during the implementation of professional practice. The research was quantitative and qualitative, relying on primary and secondary data sources. The sample consisted of students of master applied studies at the Department of Studies for Preschool and Nursery Teachers in Sabac, who evaluated the study conditions and the quality of teaching, with special reference to the success of professional practice. Survey and analysis techniques of professional practice diaries were applied, which were a source of data on online communication with families whose children did not attend kindergartens. Based on the obtained results, the authors analyze the effects of the combined model of online learning and live teaching, the specifics of the organization and the way of realization of professional practice during the epidemic. The combined teaching model offered to students is in line with their expectations regarding the content of teaching and the quality of communication with subject teachers. The professional practice, despite the difficult circumstances, enabled the students to strengthen their competencies for the application of information technologies and the cooperation of the kindergarten with the family.

SERBIAN PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ (SELF) ASSESSMENT IN REGARD TO THE TEACHING MODELS APPLIED IN PRACTICE

2026-03-15T14:54:19+01:00

In recent years the information and communication technologies use in the education system has been increased. The development of technology demands the education system advancement and the improvement of students’ skills required for the new era, and implies particular challenges as well, especially for the teachers. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the Serbian education system, as well as the others around the world, has suddenly been faced with the demand to switch all the education programs to online learning as soon as possible. After almost a year of the online learning model implementation, the research was conducted, with the aim to determine to which extent and at what pace the innovations have been adopted (January and February 2021). The teachers’ ICT training levels were examined, together with the teachers’ attitudes towards the teaching practice in both traditional and online teaching models. With this aim, the survey was conducted among the primary school teachers in Serbia. The research sample included 609 subject teachers. The research results showed that although the teachers’ ICT competences self-assessment appeared to show high levels, the teachers preferred the traditional teaching model for the realization of the educational goals.
Keywords: teachers, ICT, teaching model, traditional learning, online learning.

METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS IN CLASSROOM TEACHING

2026-03-15T14:50:28+01:00

When we say the word innovation, we know that it refers to something new, innovative in any field, and in our case we mean the introduction of innovation in the classroom. As teaching has dominated our school for a long time, there has been a desire and need to introduce innovations in teaching methodology with students of younger school age. We certainly need and need change. Our goal is to modernize classical teaching, and the research problem itself tells us in fact about the change and drastic change of the existing methodology of teaching classical teaching and its process with the introduction of teaching innovations, which we will discuss in more detail later, where we will explain and on concrete examples. Teaching methodology is a very complex scientific discipline and as such it must approach the introduction and use of methodological innovations in school. The teaching methodology of any subject is crucial for each subject and for the successful implementation of successful teaching. Traditional teaching is not able to meet the needs of modern knowledge of students, and lifelong learning. That is why we need to refresh teaching by introducing new learning models. Namely, with this new pace of teaching with methodological innovations, students will learn by research, mutual cooperation, solve problem-type tasks with problem-based teaching, as well as examples of exemplary teaching, and the use of playful teaching for first and second grade students. Students will certainly show great interest in this way of working, and it is up to us teachers to be creators of new ideas and to provide them with quality and successful teaching with outstanding results.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE COVID-19 VIRUS PANDEMIC ON HIGHER EDUCATION

2026-03-15T14:44:44+01:00

The global pandemic of the Covid-19 virus has changed the current views and types of work at all levels of education, especially in higher education institutions. The aim of this paper is to show the impact of the Covid-19 virus pandemic on the work of lecturers and students of higher education institutions. For that purpose, an empirical research was realized, which included two higher education institutions: The Faculty of Management Herceg Novi and the Faculty of Project and Innovation Management PMC, Belgrade. The research sample consists of 187 respondents, professors employed at the mentioned faculties. The research instrument is an online survey questionnaire consisting of two parts, with a total of 42 questions. The selected methods used in the research are: methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of induction and deduction, as well as the comparative method. The data were processed tabularly and graphically for easier interpretation of the obtained results. The attitudes of the respondents are unequivocal - the Covid-19 virus pandemic has changed the current way of higher education, but with the significant engagement of professors and the commitment of students, this process has a positive course. A large percentage of respondents agreed that doing work at home influenced the change of private habits, but they are of the opinion that good organization is the key to success in such working conditions. It is concluded that the Covid-19 virus pandemic had a significant impact on education, which is relevant in the field of improving previous types of work, but also that all participants are more committed to this process so that the outcome would be positive for both lecturers and students.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN MONTENEGRO: ADAPTATION FROM THE TRADITIONAL TO DISTANCE LEARNING SYSTEM

2026-03-14T21:45:15+01:00

Due to the great development of digitalization in the last couple of decades, higher education institutions have turned to the introduction of new educational technologies in the teaching process, as a form of support for the traditional system of teaching. However, the pandemic of the COVID-19 virus accelerated this process and forced all educational institutions around the world, including universities, to implement teaching activities exclusively in online form.
The aim of this paper is to determine the success of the adaptation of Montenegrin universities to the distance learning system, as well as to make recommendations for decision makers in the field of higher education regarding future implementation of e-learning. The paper applies qualitative and quantitative research methods in order to analyze the opinions and attitudes of teaching staff on the implementation of the teaching process, as well as the readiness of educational institutions in Montenegro for the transition to distance learning system.
The results of the research provide answers to the questions of technical support and training of teaching staff for online learning, advantages and disadvantages of online learning, preservation of academic integrity, e-learning platforms and other tools for online learning at higher education institutions in Montenegro.

THE INFLUENCE OF DIGITALIZATION ON THE ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

2026-03-14T21:41:35+01:00

Language acquisition is an important subject of modern society. Language is a very efficient medium of communication and language competencies are gaining importance among students and their professors globally. Ability to communicate efficiently in a foreign language is an established goal of language learning.
English is an important part of every person’s life, and it is a second official language in many parts of the world. In addition, as English has taken on the characteristics of a "world language", English language competences are becoming a crucial aspect of studies in general. Teachers of English as a second language are well aware that four skills are developed in order to acquire each language: reading, writing, speaking and listening skills. Due to increasing use of online tools and new learning styles, as well as the process of informatization, the use of digitalization is considered to be the fifth skill.
Language experiences are enriched and refined through the digital world. The role of technology in the acquisition of English is recognized as vital in modern world, and its importance could be described through the easy access to information, both for students and lecturers. As an interactive, multimodal, comprehensive, and extremely popular environment, the digital world is an important field of interest in recent years especially because of its potential to improve the language acquiring, both inside and outside the classroom. Foreign language acquisition in the digital world can be achieved through these inputs, using the usual teaching methods, practice, and with an efficient infrastructure.
This paper discusses the use of digitalization in the processes of teaching and acquiring English as a foreign language at colleges, through three hypotheses: Contrastive analysis, Interlanguage hypothesis and Creative construction, in order to better teach and adopt English as a foreign language, toward high quality of lessons and language acquisition.

PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE ENGLISH AND SERBIAN LANGUAGE

2026-03-14T21:31:47+01:00

The paper aims at examining the behaviour of passive constructions in English and Serbian, offering a short review of the concept of voice in both languages, a brief comment of the passive scale found in authors such as Palmer, Quirk, etc. and a short discussion of the thematic roles of the verb arguments taken from Haegeman (Haegeman, 2001). The analysed sentences are the examples of passive taken randomly from Julian Barnes’ 1990 novel (Barnes, 1990), Flaubert’s Parrot, and their Serbian equivalents taken from the official translation done by Nebojša Palić (Palić, 2008). The analysis provides an insight into the functioning of the passive gradience in practice, demonstrating that there are numerous in-between cases, which makes a contrast to the previously theoretically presented types of passive that can be clearly distinguished from each other. The analysis both shows that in the corpus presented in the paper the central type of passive is the most common, followed by the semi-passive, and that there are numerous in-between cases, challenging for classification. The incidence of active and passive in the translated Serbian sentences turns out to be approximately equal.

FROM GOTHIC TO FEMINIST FEMALE CHARACTERS IN WUTHERING HEIGHTS

2026-03-14T21:21:10+01:00

The paper deals with the path which Emily Bronte’s heroines undergo in the quest for (self)-liberation. It provides an analysis of the way in which Bronte builds her female characters, using gothic as a starting point and then abandoning it for the reader to realize that the heroines are not to face familiar gothic denouement, where they are supposed to find salvation in a romantic hero’s embrace. Abandoning the gothic, the writer moves the story into a broader context and presents women’s need to find their own salvation from subordinate positions. Even the order in which the stories are given proves the point that Bronte heads towards a self-actualized heroine: from Isabella as the closest one to the gothic heroine image towards Cathy who manages to find her own path to happiness. Thus, we follow the masterful guidance of the heroines from the Gothic denouement, through transformation towards self-realization/liberation.
The paper attempts to reveal to what extent Wuthering Heights heroines match and/or mismatch the image of the Gothic heroine introduced in literature by Horace Walpole with his Isabella (The Castle of Otranto), Matthew Lewis with his Antonia (The Monk) and Ann Radcliffe with her Emily (The Mysteries of Udolfo), why and how the heroines experience transformation, to what extent their identities are free of their double pairs, how much their battle is a feminist one and finally what kind of liberation they reach.

WOMENʼS QUEST FOR THE INDIVIDUAL IDENTITY LOST IN THE COLLECTIVE ONE IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN POETRY

2026-03-14T21:17:07+01:00

The political and economic turmoil of the modern life influenced everyone, particularly marginalized groups, such as people of the other race, ethnicity, social class, gender or sexual orientation. This concept of otherness refers to not belonging to the main stream and it is one of the most important motifs in contemporary literature. This paper deals with the concept of women as the other focusing on the poetry of two great contemporary American poets, Adrienne Rich and Joy Harjo. We will establish some differences and then again, some similarities between the above-mentioned poets as they belong to different races and sexual orientations, but still the fact that they are both women implies that they also have something in common. What is in common for these two poets is dealing with the position of women in contemporary American society and searching for the individual identity lost in the collective one. Furthermore, they tend to be representatives of marginalized groups, but yet they struggle to liberate themselves from that labeling and try to be main stream. Consequently, they have to work against the grain. We will perform the analysis from the feminist critique viewpoint with a special emphasis on the concept of otherness, lost identity and body image.