ZBORNIK STED KONFERENCIJE

WHY IS THE FINGERPRINT OF ILLITERATES PERSONS WHEN VERIFYING DOCUMENTS UNRELIABLE FOR EXPERTISE

2025-09-18T14:07:45+02:00

It is in practice that illiterate people, instead of signing documents, where a personal signature
is required, make an impression of the index finger of their right hand. This is done with the help
of persons in legally authorized services: in municipal registry offices, courts, police and notaries.
The procedure for fingerprint authentication is defined by law, but the way it is performed in
practice is performed in such a way that the fingerprint taken is of poor quality and is not reliable
when examining its authenticity. In practice, the coloring of the finger is performed by pressing the
finger/index finger on the surface of a textile pad soaked with stamp ink and after that the printing
is done by pressing the paper. The resulting fingerprint, due to the high roughness of the surface of
the textile cushion, the colored ink was not evenly adsorbed on the protruding papillary lines and
minutiae of the finger, and a fingerprint with broken papillary lines is obtained, and the minutiae
are almost not visible at all.
If the fingerprint is not made with clear papillary lines and if there are not at least twelve
visible minutiae between the papillary lines, then such a fingerprint is of poor quality and
unreliable for establishing its authenticity with an indisputable fingerprint in which papillary lines
and present minutiae are clearly visible. The rule in the expert examination of the authenticity of a
disputed fingerprint is to determine the identity of the structure of the papillary lines in the
disputed and undisputed fingerprint using the graphic-comparative method of identity and nonidentity,
to determine the identity or non-identity of at least twelve minutiae present in the disputed
and undisputed fingerprint. If the disputed fingerprint in the document was made in poor quality
and unprofessionally, then such a fingerprint is unusable for any comparison with the undisputed
fingerprint of a certain person.

INCREASING THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF BUILDINGS IN THE AREA OF THE CITY OF BANJA LUKA AS A FUNCTION OF ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGES

2025-09-18T14:17:56+02:00

The negative effects of climate change that occur because of natural cycles and anthropogenic
action are reflected in all aspects of the environment and life of modern man: human health,
ecosystems, economy, social issues, and the like. This is evidenced by the extreme values of
climate parameters (high summer temperatures, heavy rainfall, and floods), which have become
more frequent in the last few decades. Due to the threat to the health and survival of the population
in certain areas, there is a need to take significant steps regard to this. Adaptation to changed
climate conditions has become one of the most important methods used by local communities in
predicting the future impacts and risks of climate change. One way to combat these consequences
is to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, which has many positive effects. Warming of
buildings (envelope optimization) primarily affects the reduction of the need for energy
consumption for heating and cooling of buildings, which in the long-term results in a reduction of
CO2 emissions, as well as economic savings. The use of new construction technologies and the
development of modern urbanism in the direction of increasing the quality of living space, and
therefore the quality of life of the population of urban areas, would greatly affect energy efficiency,
environmental protection, reduction of the negative effects of climate change, and thus the
achievement of the goals of sustainable development.

ORGANIC LIVESTOCK BREEDING AS A FUNCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2025-09-18T14:27:13+02:00

Conventional livestock production is still the dominant form of livestock production in the
Republic of Serbia. However, there are also great opportunities for the development of organic
livestock production. In order for a farm to pass the certification and receive the organic farm label,
it is necessary for the farm to fulfil a number of conditions. First of all, it is necessary to harmonize
all ecological and production conditions, as well as standards for animals raised in organic
livestock systems in accordance with the legal regulations on organic production.
The aim of this paper is to present the possible forms of development of organic livestock
production in accordance with the principles of environmental protection and sustainable
development. For the development of organic animal husbandry, it is necessary to have the interest
of consumers who will understand the importance and quality of organic products and appreciate
their added value. The process of transforming a conventional farm to organic livestock production
requires a certain period of time - the conversion period.
The social and ecological importance of organic livestock production compared to
conventional farming is the production of sufficient quantities of high-quality food while
minimizing all forms of pollution.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY ARISING FROM OPTIMIZATION OF VESSEL'S VOYAGE

2025-09-18T14:32:04+02:00

The number and size of vessels are increasing every day, and the maritime industry is
becoming one of the leading factors of global pollution. This paper will present the basic methods
and simulations which will show that significant environmental and energy efficiency benefits can
be achieved by optimizing the vessel’s route. A detailed description of the reduction of harmful
gases emission, which is resulting from the reduction of the ship's speed, will also be presented. In
addition to the presentation of the current existing results on this topic, the results obtained from
the analysis carried out on the ship machine and engine simulator from the Maritime Faculty in
Kotor, by the authors of the paper, will also be given. By optimization of the voyage, which comes
from more effective tasks performing at all organizational levels, the vessel is able to adjust its
speed in such a way to arrive at the port exactly on time for the berthing operations. This would
allow the vessel to reduce its speed, which would lead to the ultimate goal of minimizing air
pollution by reducing the emission of harmful gases from vessels.

COMPARISON OF FACADE ASSEMBLIES FROM THE ASPECTS OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMIC PROFITABILITY

2025-09-18T14:36:48+02:00

The energy certification of buildings in Serbia has brought numerous changes, related to the
way new buildings are designed, but also a significant need for energy rehabilitation of existing
buildings. The aim of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the most commonly used facade
assemblies, considering that the facade of a building is an essential link in the chain of elements
that make up an energy-efficient building. In this paper, the five most commonly used facade
assemblies, which are applied during the construction of multi-family residential buildings in
Serbia, are analyzed, along with the materials used in them. Their economic aspect was also
analyzed, along with the mandatory comparative calculation of the energy efficiency of the
residential building and the application of the URSA-Building Physics 2 softver, in accordance
with the Rulebook on Energy Efficiency of Buildings. The facade assembly of the ventilated
facade with natural stone cladding, as well as the contact facade with distinct facade cladding, was
analyzed. In this context, the economic aspect of the application of different facade assemblies was
also analyzed. It was observed that for the same energy class of the facade wall, the investment can
be significantly different and be 5.86 times higher per square meter of the surface of the facade
wall. This research is significant considering that the energy rehabilitation of existing buildings is
considered as a necessary step towards reducing the energy needs for heating buildings in the
Republic of Serbia, and that it is necessary to take measures to reduce the energy required for
heating buildings.

EMISSIONS AND REMOVAL OF GREENHOUSE GAS THROUGH THE DECARBONIZATION DIMENSION

2025-09-18T15:16:39+02:00

The main goal of the work is to describe the state, indicators, goals, policies and measures in
the dimension of decarbonization, which refers to the subdimension - emission and removal of
greenhouse gases in the Republic of Srpska (B&H), based on data from the still working document
Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Srpska. This document provides recommendations,
policies and measures related to decarbonization, energy efficiency, security of supply to the
internal market, etc., in order to fulfill the international obligations of the Republic of Srpska (BiH)
accepted by the Treaty on the Establishment of the Energy Community of Southeast Europe and
the Sofia Declaration. After its adoption, the Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of Srpska
will replace the Energy Development Strategy of the Republic of Srpska until 2035. The Entity
Energy and Climate Plan of Republic of Srpska and FBiH are integral parts of the Integrated
Energy and Climate Plan of BiH. The goals set in the Energy and Climate Plan of the Republic of
Srpska are very ambitious and challenging for the Republic of Srpska, especially considering the
energy transformation sectors in which the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is planned.

FULFILLING INTERNAL NEEDS FOR ELECTRIC ENERGY USING SOLAR PANELS ON PUBLIC BUILDINGS

2025-09-18T15:19:59+02:00

The use of solar panels for the production of electric energy for one's own needs is at the
beginning in Serbia. The adoption of the Law on Renewable Energy Sources and by-laws on the
status of prosumer has initiated a greater interest of both households and business entities in greater
use of energy produced in this way.In addition to simplified procedures, the increase in the price of
electricity is another reason why citizens, the public and business sectors decide to build solar
power plants on their roofs.
The paper shows how much it costs to cover one's own needs for electricity from a solar
power plant installed on the roof of a public building. It is about the administrative building of a
public utility company, in a city located in the south of Serbia- Pirot.

LOW-CARBON URBAN DEVELOPMENT INTEGRATION - DECARBONIZATION OF CITIES - A REVIEW

2025-09-18T15:23:24+02:00

The global energy landscape is mired in persistent challenges characterized by the depletion
of fossil fuel reserves and volatile, elevated energy prices. The extensive utilization of fossil fuels
has engendered adverse environmental repercussions, substantially augmenting atmospheric
carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases. This has further intensified the greenhouse
effect, culminating in global warming and the consequential phenomenon of climate change.
Consequently, contemporary society faces the formidable imperative of embarking on a
multifaceted spectrum of actions and commitments aimed at curtailing greenhouse gas emissions,
with a particular emphasis on CO2.
In the wake of the momentous Paris Agreement, national governments have undertaken the
profound responsibility of conceiving and executing decarbonization strategies. The central
objective of these strategies is to effectuate a substantial reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by
55% before the onset of 2030, ultimately culminating in the attainment of net-zero carbon
emissions by 2050. The realization of these objectives is contingent upon the development of
comprehensive, long-term decarbonization strategies buttressed by a roster of short- and mediumterm
actions. These strategies are envisioned to elucidate a trajectory towards an optimal future
scenario, concurrently optimizing socio-economic dividends.
Empirical research has decisively ascertained that urban centers bear a substantial onus in this
endeavor, as they account for an excess of 70% of global CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions.
Consequently, urban locales are intrinsically poised for the deployment of meticulous
decarbonization measures. This paper proffers an exhaustive scrutiny of research findings, with an
explicit focus on the most efficacious systems and policies conducive to zero carbon emissions. It
engages in an exhaustive examination of the classification and analysis of multifarious
methodologies employed within the construction, industrial, and transportation sectors.
Furthermore, the paper expounds upon the criteria that scholars have invoked to appraise global
decarbonization trajectories, all in pursuit of achieving climate neutrality through the ubiquitous
adoption of renewable energy sources.
This abstract accentuates the pressing exigency of confronting climate change, the pivotal
role that urban centers assume in emissions abatement, and the systematic research approach
employed to assess and advocate sustainable decarbonization strategies.

THE WESTERN BALKANS IN THE ERA OF TRANSNATIONALISM AND INDIVIDUALISM

2025-09-18T15:28:13+02:00

In the paper, the authors problematize the process of approaching the Western Balkan
countries to membership in the European Union through the analysis of the process of stabilization
and association from the aspect of fulfilling the criteria for membership in the European Union. In
fact, the main goal of the paper is to determine whether this transnational community leads the
same process of approaching membership in the European Union for all Western Balkans
countries, given that some countries in the region are in different stages of development and
require an individual approach when fulfilling the criteria for membership in the European Union.
The research focus is primarily on the interests of the Western Balkan countries (Albania, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia) for joining the EU, that is, on
the challenges to which the mentioned countries are exposed on the path of integration, as well as
on the potential consequences of such accession processes by respective countries. The second goal
is to analyze the common foreign policies of the European Union towards the Western Balkans in
order to find out what the interest of the Western Balkans countries for joining the European Union
(and vice versa) and how quickly we can expect the expansion of membership in the European
Union and these areas of the Balkans.

CONCEPT OF COMPETITIVENESS OF THE CITY'S ECONOMY

2025-09-18T15:32:40+02:00

The paper presents the concept of competitiveness of the city's economy. Its growing
importance in the theory and policy of the competitiveness of certain urban areas is highlighted.
The concept of city competitiveness means a kind of theoretical and methodological unification of
the general and local dimensions of the multi-level category of competitiveness. This multiplies the
possibilities of viewing relations between economic actors in a certain area. The authors note the
growing interest of researchers of various vocations in studying the concept of city
competitiveness. For economic analysts of the concept of competitiveness of the city, particularly
significant drivers of the improvement of the city's competitiveness are related to dynamic changes
in the structure of the economy, movements in the labor markets, the emergence of new social
needs, and recently an increasing number of factors related to security issues (infrastructural,
energy, food, etc.). An increasing number of cities recognize the need to strengthen their
competitive position by applying an entrepreneurial and marketing approach. In addition to the socalled
"hard" drivers of the city's competitiveness (job opportunities, ease of doing business, tourist
attractiveness), "soft" factors such as the perception of the quality of life, the image of the city, the
availability of specific offers, and the like are gaining importance. Reducing the category of city
economy competitiveness in the Republic of Serbia to an economic aggregate indicator, the paper
presents, based on its own calculations, a comparative overview of the economic competitiveness
indicators of the cities of Belgrade, Novi Sad, Niš and Kragujevac in the period 2005-2021.

EXTERNAL SOLVENCY MANAGEMENT OF SELECTED BALKAN COUNTRIES

2025-09-18T17:12:48+02:00

The authors investigate the external solvency of three Balkan countries, two of which are socalled
late transition countries (Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia), while Bulgaria is a country
that has completed the transition and become a member of the European Union since 2007. Two
indicators of external solvency are analysed: External debt/gross national income (GNI) and
External debt/export of goods and services in the period 1997-2021. Moderate external
indebtedness of these countries at the end of 2021 was established. Specifically, the external
debt/GNI ratio for Bosnia and Herzegovina was 58.08%, for Serbia, 67.83%, and for Bulgaria,
57.52%. At the end of 2021, the second indicator of external solvency was within the permissible
limits, i.e., it was well below 220%, which the World Bank marked as the upper limit of
indebtedness. The value of this parameter was quite high for BiH (131%) and Serbia (122%), while
for Bulgaria was incomparably lower (87%). An important factor of a country's external solvency
is the Net inflow of foreign direct investments (FDI). The available data indicate that since 2010,
Serbia has been much more successful in attracting FDI compared to the other two Balkan
countries. Also, research on the correlation between GDP growth rate and FDI (as a share of GDP)
for Serbia shows a statistically more significant positive relationship compared to Bosnia and
Herzegovina and Bulgaria.

SOME RESULTS IN THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY IN THE PRODUCTION OF CARDBOARD PACKAGING

2025-09-18T17:21:15+02:00

The dominant model of the economy, in the world and in our country, is still a linear model,
that is, a linear economy based on the assumptions that natural resources are available in
abundance, easy to obtain and cheap to dispose of. In contrast to the aforementioned, the circular
economy represents a regenerative economic system within which production resources, waste,
waste emissions and energy outflow are significantly reduced by slowing down, rounding off and
extending energy and material cycles (life cycles) in production. The paper will present the basic
principles of the circular economy and the results of their application on the example of a company
for the production of cardboard packaging in the Republic of Serbia. Through responsible business
operations, the company managed to achieve a significant shift in the optimization of production
processes and thus reduce the negative impact on the environment by minimizing the emission of
harmful gases, reducing energy and water consumption. The company also cultivates a B2B2C
model, according to which it collects information on how users use packaging and thus proactively
participates in the eco-design of packaging, which consists mostly of recycled and ecological
materials, paints and varnishes.

OBJECTIVES OF FINANCIAL REPORTING IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

2025-09-18T19:01:36+02:00

Current public sector reforms, aimed at improving its efficiency and effectiveness, require
financial information that reflects the effects of business activities no only on engaged financial but
on total economic resources. There is always a dilemma which of accounting models can be
applied in the public sector to best meet the requirements information needs of all interested users.
Financial reporting in the public sector is based on the cash model of accountants, which for the
sake of information in a number of cases needs to be supplemented by the accounting model.

IMPACT OF GOLD PRICE MOVEMENT ON THE RATE OF THE RETURNS FROM INVESTMENT ACTIVITY ON FINANCIAL MARKETS

2025-09-18T19:05:55+02:00

Due to the consequences caused by the crisis of the COVID-19 virus pandemic (interrupted
supply chains), energy crisis, geopolitical crisis (war conflicts between Russia and Ukraine)
resulting in high inflation, the working paper analyzes, tests and quantifies the impact of gold price
movements on daily rates of return from investment activities on the observed financial markets of
America, Europe and China. The aim of the working paper is to arrive at concrete, practically
tested and quantified results through the application of multivariate GARCH models in the
function of quantifying the impact of the gold price on the yield rates of the observed financial
markets. Investing in gold represents an alternative to investing in currencies (currency pairs) and
financial instruments on the financial markets. The time period of the research is from 2012 to
2023, where the effectiveness of the application of the multivariate GARCH methodology is tested
in the period before the COVID-19 crisis, during and after the crisis. The research methodology
includes the use of SIC (Schwarz) information criteria for selecting optimal models. The results of
the working paper confirm the significance of the application of econometric multivariate GARCH
models in terms of quantifying the impact of the gold price on the daily rates of return from
investment activities on the observed financial markets. The obtained research results will be
useful both to the academic community for further research in the field, and to the professional in
terms of making optimal investment decisions.

THE INFLUENCE OF DIGITAL MEDIA ON MODERN BUSINESS

2025-09-18T19:10:02+02:00

The modern era is shaped by intense competition and demanding consumers, which is why
companies abandon traditional communication methods and focus on digital media imposed by the
development of information technologies. The presence of the company on the Internet is not a
goal, but something that is taken for granted. The attention of the management of a successful
company is focused on interactive content, which is created by the wider social community, not
just the company. In this way, the company quickly and easily obtains information about the
market in which it operates, the behaviour of consumers who use or want to use their products and
services, creates campaigns that spread virally, blogs, communicates two-way with consumers,
promotes its values and way of doing business . The research goal of this paper is an analysis of
how digital media influence modern business. The results of empirical research have shown that
the effective use of digital media in modern business directly contributes to better positioning and
differentiation of the company on the market and leads to a greater degree of consumer loyalty and
achieving a competitive advantage.

EUROPEAN COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AND SUSTAINABLE NUTRITION TRENDS

2025-09-18T19:15:10+02:00

The common agricultural policy of the European Union for the period 2023-2027 aims to stop
environmental degradation and reverse it in favour of climate change mitigation, efficient use of
limited natural resources and biodiversity conservation. Agriculture in the European Union (EU) is
strongly influenced by the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). However, aligning agricultural
policy with nutrition is complex, primarily because the objectives of agricultural policy are
predominantly economic, which poses a challenge for developing coherence between agricultural,
trade and health policies. Today, the European food system is characterized by unhealthy dietary
trends, ecologically unsustainable production and dependence on an aging agricultural population.
Agricultural systems and food diets should be sustainable from an environmental and health point
of view, so increasing their sustainability must be a major objective of farm and food policies.
Unfortunately, climate, environmental and health shocks are likely to increase in the coming years.
Therefore, it is extremely important to favor a healthier and environmentally friendly diet through
changing consumer behavior through dietary recommendations and nutritional labels. The ongoing
reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) represents an opportunity to address these
issues. Recognizing the urgency of transitioning to sustainable food systems, European civil
society and other public interest organizations have shown consistent support and constructive
engagement in the Farm to Fork Strategy Plan. The aim of the paper is to point out the importance
of incorporating sustainable nutritional issues within the Common Agricultural Policy of the
European Union.

TOWARDS A COMMON AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD POLICY: SUSTAINABIILITY CHALLENGES

2025-09-18T19:19:44+02:00

The Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union has been widely known for more
than 60 years. The aim of this joint policy is to ensure an adequate supply of food, given that after
the war and years of hunger, people could not adequately enjoy the presence of a variety of foods.
Current food systems are characterized by the overproduction of processed foods with low nutrient
content. This has contributed to unhealthy and unbalanced diets across the EU, leading to a range
of health risks, especially for poorer population groups. The EU's food and agricultural systems
require a fundamental change of direction in light of the serious, interconnected and systemic
economic, environmental and health challenges they face. Today, Common Agricultural Policy
supports the European Union single market for agricultural food products, ensures affordable
prices, keeps rural communities vital and high environmental standards. Unfortunately, climate
change, the emission of harmful gases, wars, and epidemics have a negative impact on agricultural
production, which calls into question the quality and safety of food as well as people's health. In
order to meet new global expectations, new CAP should be transformed into a CAFP (Common
Agricultural and Food Policy) that aims to strengthen the resilience of the entire food chain,
recognizing the changed power relations in the chain and the interaction between consumption and
production. The aim of this work is to point out the efforts that the Common Agricultural Policy to
make quality and healthy food available to everyone. Therefore, this paper will cover topics related
to the quality and safety of agricultural food products, their impact on human health, towards a
Common Agricultural and Food Policy.

DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN MANUFACTURING: A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

2025-09-18T19:55:20+02:00

The digital transformation of businesses is currently experiencing significant improvements,
supported by the use of artificial intelligence. The manufacturing sector is being substantially
transformed using emerging technologies. Consequently, the manufacturing environment has
become more dynamic and complex, causing more interdependencies, uncertainties, and large
amounts of data that should be processed and analysed. In this sense, artificial intelligence plays a
crucial role in supporting data-driven decision-making, which is beneficial for the digitalization of
manufacturing processes. The aim of this paper is to present a bibliometric analysis that
comprehensively describes who the main contributors are and what the main streams of research
are in the field of developing and implementing decision support systems based on artificial
intelligence in manufacturing. The research findings should be a valuable resource for other
academics interested in learning more about the most recent developments in the field.
Furthermore, it opens possibilities for further research related to the development of intelligent
decision support systems in manufacturing.

E-BUSINESS IN FUNCTION OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IMPROVEMENT

2025-09-18T20:05:32+02:00

The subject of this research paper is the possibility of improving supply chain management
(SCM) using electronic business. In order to be competitive, a company needs to develop in line
with market trends. The impact of electronic business on SCM has led to the development of e-
SCM, which creates new business opportunities in the market. This paper reviews the adventaged
of implementing electronic business and information technologies in SCM.
To ensure the successful implementation of e-SCM and the potential benefits of electronic
business on SCM, it is essential to consider factors such as suitable infrastructure, education, and
legal regulation. This paper discuss these prerequisites and presents a symbiosis of theoretical
reviews and statistical research results on the application and possibilities of e-SCM in the
Republic of Serbia.

OPTIMIZATION HOUSEHOLD ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM USING GWO ALGORITHM A REVIEW

2025-09-18T20:11:11+02:00

The paper provides an overview of the application of the Gray Wolf Optimization (GWO)
algorithm in the management of electrical energy. Modern society cannot function without the use
of electricity. In every household, there are various appliances that consume electricity, some of
which are larger while others are smaller consumers. The main goal is the rational use of these
appliances and their operation during periods of lower energy prices. People's habits in homes or
residential buildings vary, leading to fluctuating electricity consumption. It is necessary to create a
schedule for the use of appliance in order to reduce electricity bills. However, energy consumption
is increasing, and energy sources are becoming insufficient, so it is essential to optimize
consumption.
There are numerous nature-inspired algorithms used for the optimization of complex
problems, one of which is the GWO algorithm. It has significant applications in solving various
management problems. The mathematical model of the GWO algorithm and its functioning
method are described in the paper. Additionally, the paper presents an overview of the application
of the GWO algorithm in scientific research to reduce electricity bills, optimize the use of
heating/cooling appliances, and implement alternative energy sources (solar, thermal, wind energy,
etc.).
By implementing smart technologies, nature-inspired algorithms, and renewable energy
sources, we can effectively manage our energy consumption while maintaining a comfortable and
sustainable living environment.

GIVING EVERYONE THE RIGHT TO TRAVEL MANAGEMENT OF ACCESSIBLE TOURISM

2025-09-18T22:04:54+02:00

Accessible or barrier-free tourism is still an under-researched area in tourism research in
Hungary. With a better management and a more focused marketing, better access and more
successful involvement of this this target group with special needs is an unused reserve in tourism
development. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey, the authors highlight some important
aspects of the travel demand of people living with disabilities, which should be considered by
tourism destination management when developing tourist attractions and products, as well as in the
design of visitor management tools and methods. Accessible tourism concerns more than one-tenth
of the European population, so in addition to its social and societal importance, it is also a nonnegligible
business opportunity. Understanding the expectations and specific consumer habits of
the stakeholders is essential to develop an appropriate offer and to ensure equal access to services.
The authors, having acted as experts in the Erasmus Peer Act project, are demonstrating findings of
a Hungarian survey on the issue, with international outlook.

BUSINESS COMMUNICATION AND MANAGEMENT

2025-09-21T21:04:32+02:00

The man is a piece which is in the environment of others where it can directly provide the
important information that are necessary for the wise direction of its own and their activities. Many
important facts are located outside of place and time or remain hidden within them. For example,
the "true" or "real" attitudes, beliefs and emotions of a person can only be understood indirectly,
either through its confessions, or through what it appears to be unconscious expressive behavior.
The man plays his role, possesses the qualities, do the actions that will have the results which he
wants. In accordance with this, there is a belief that man offers his performance and sets his life
show "for the benefit of others". Successful business communication is a very important function
of management. This paper points out the importance of business communication of human
resources in modern business conditions.

DO DIFFERENCES IN THE MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN AFFECT THEIR BEHAVIOR AT THE WORKPLACE

2025-09-21T21:09:40+02:00

Our personal lives and our work commitments should be in balance. Many female employees face the double burden of their careers and families. Previous studies have established that there are differences in women's work behavior by marital status, but these results are still largely unclear and sometimes questionable. The aim of this research is to prove that the differences in behavior between married women and those who are not (unmarried, divorced, widowed) are not only reflected in family relationships and roles, but also in workplaces. The research was carried out using an online model at the beginning of 2023. on a quota, representative sample (n=140). Five hypotheses were set, four of which were confirmed in the research. A 5-point Likert scale was used as a research instrument. The correlation partial analysis method was applied. All women were observed through three statistical characteristics: (1) women without children; (2) women with small children; (3) women with adult, independent children. The statements in the scale reflected the following eight forms of organizational behavior: job satisfaction, creativity and innovation, taking responsibility, absenteeism, stress, conflicts, work engagement and loyalty to the organization. The research results indicate that the differences in the behavior of women according to their marital status are more significant and are reflected in most of the observed forms of organizational behavior. As such, they should be useful knowledge in human resource management, especially in the motivation and management of employees.

PERCEPTION OF STRATEGIC CORPORATE GOALS AND EMPLOYEES' MOTIVATION

2025-09-21T21:14:06+02:00

The majority of authors in previous researches agree that strategic corporate goals should be clear, timely, transparent and accessible to all stakeholders. What is not yet completely clear and sufficiently researched is how much the perception of these goals by employees as stakeholders affects their motivation? The goal of this research is aimed at finding an answer to that question. The research was conducted on a representative quota sample of 120 respondents. In order to determine the perceptual processes of strategic goals and motivation of employees, a five-point Likert scale with 12 defined statements was constructed and used. The method of partial correlation was used. The determined coefficients point to three key conclusions. (1) The perception of goals by employees reflects positively on employee identification (r = 0.6611). (2) The perception of goals by employees is not significantly reflected in employee motivation (r =0.3171). (3) Identification of employees with a strategic organizational goal has a positive effect on employee motivation (r = 0.8358). This segment of human resource management is still insufficiently known and researched, and therefore represented in practice. This should be a clear guide for researchers, but also for entrepreneurs and managers to make a turnaround in the creation and realization of organizational goals. More effective creation of perceptual flows and identification processes should be given its respectable place in the motivation of employees.

TEAMWORK IN THE CLUB AS A SUPPORT FOR THE SOCIALIZATION OF YOUNG ATHLETES

2025-09-21T21:31:10+02:00

In order to appropriately approach the socialization process, which is extremely important for young athletes, it is desirable that coaches, as well as all members of a sports club, be familiar with the basic knowledge regarding this process. It is important to distinguish between sources and agents of socialization, where the main source is culture and the main agents are families, educational institutions, peers and, in the modern age, increasingly present media, especially virtual ones. The multiplication of various models and the exponential growth of information that "burdens" us every day represent a growing problem in the process of education in general, including in the work of sports clubs. Within small groups, such as those in sports clubs, intensive social interaction of peers connected by common sports interests takes place. If that group is well managed in the environment of a positive club atmosphere, it is possible to satisfy and develop the social needs and skills of the students through social facilitation, which will serve as an incentive for the overall development of the personality. With the help of the model learning process, if emotional closeness and respect for the group leader (coach) is developed, it is possible to internalize appropriate norms, rules of behavior and values at the level of identification, which then becomes a permanent part of the pupil's personality.
Keywords: socialization, teamwork, sport, youth.

THE ROLE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF BRANDING OF SERBIAN BASKETBALL

2025-09-21T21:38:35+02:00

Nowdays, when the world is changing really fast, it is necessary to be ready to react and adapt to all the changes, both within the organization and in the external environment. Proper managment of branding of an individual, organization, company all the way up to the level of one country is very important and it leads us to successfull response to unexpected situations, which thus gives a competitive adventage in the market. Serbia, know as „basketball nation“ and with awards coming year after year, has a huge potential related to the branding of basketball and it’s sport in general. We could say that that potential have been neglected, because how little attention has been paid to it and how much it hasn’t been used. Therefore, more attention must be paid to that segment and an initiative must be launched to improve the branding of Serbian basketball and sports in general.

IMPULSE BUYING OF FASHION PRODUCTS

2025-09-21T21:44:21+02:00

Vendors utilize various sales strategies to secure the greatest possible return and the most favorable customer experience. One of the most commonly used sales promotion method refers to discounts that can be highlighted in a variety of ways with the aim of encouraging customers to buy products. The subject of the paper is the analysis of the impulse buying of fashion products, prompted by a certain amount of discounts. The aim of this research is to examine how a certain amount of discount affects the frequency of impulse purchases of fashion products online and in physical stores, by taking into account the following independent variables: gender, generation and level of income. The survey method was used, with the application of an online questionnaire in a sample of 1,002 respondents in the Republic of Serbia. The results revealed that fashion products were more likely to be purchased on impulse when discounts exceeded 30%. It is concluded that this information may be useful to the product suppliers, because they can increase the price of the fashion products to pay off the discounts of over 30%, which can result in a more frequent impulse buying, thereby ensuring the desired results in financial terms.

FACTORS AFFECTING CONSUMER ETHNOCENTRISM, WITH FOCUS ON SERBIA

2025-09-21T21:56:48+02:00

The introduction provides a review of the context that favors ethnocentrism and leads to this phenomenon. The paper explains the meaning of the very term and provides the general characteristics of consumer ethnocentrism, connecting the emergence of this phenomenon with ethnocentrism itself. The subject of the paper is consumer ethnocentrism as an important category that affects the purchase of products, and therefore the overall market. In-depth consideration is given to the research of multiple works by authors who studied various factors that can influence consumer ethnocentrism to a greater or lesser extent, such as socio-psychological, demographic, economic, political and situational ones. The aim of the paper is to review literature that deals primarily with consumer ethnocentrism as a derivative of ethnocentrism, so as to gain a better insight into consumer behavior and needs, as well as the interests of manufacturers, for the purpose of formulating a successful marketing strategy.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN DIGITAL MARKETING

2025-09-21T22:05:37+02:00

The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact of artificial intelligence on consumers, the familiarity of consumers with artificial intelligence, as well as the interaction of consumers with tools that use artificial intelligence in their work. The main conclusions of the research indicate that marketing is increasingly changing and adapting to new trends, and that artificial intelligence with its methods will become an indispensable part of marketing. Modern consumers like to check product information, take a good look at all the offers and finally decide to buy. In this process, artificial intelligence can create an excellent personalized environment for the user to feel invited to make a purchase. Modern marketing incorporates artificial intelligence methods to more easily profile customers and create personalized content. In addition to the use of artificial intelligence for profiling and easier selection of relevant information, modern marketing introduces modern advertising methods so that brands can get closer to their consumers. Therefore, lately, more attention has been paid to marketing on social networks, mobile marketing, as well as e-mail marketing. In the end, it can be concluded that artificial intelligence has an impact on the buying habits of consumers. The survey was divided into three parts, each of which represented one hypothesis. All hypotheses were partially or fully confirmed.

FACTORS BEHIND THE INCREASING POPULARITY OF LOCALLY PRODUCED FOOD – INSIGHTS FROM A REPRESENTATIVE STUDY ON CONSUMER MOTIVATIONS

2025-09-21T22:15:03+02:00

The interest in locally sourced food products is on the rise. Alongside their impact on the local economy and rural development, attention is drawn to their ecological advantages and their present or potential contribution to the growth of rural tourism. Gaining a thorough understanding of consumer preferences and habits is vital for effective marketing efforts, ultimately fortifying the market position of these products. This study unveils partial findings from a representative survey focusing on the incentives behind the consumption of local food products. The creation and widespread promotion of local goods can serve as a catalyst for rural tourism, gastronomy, and overall rural development. Hence, it is crucial to comprehend the motivations and factors that
prompt potential consumers to opt for locally produced food, whether it be on an occasional or regular basis.

ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING COSTS ON COMPANY INCOME

2025-09-21T22:19:19+02:00

The creation of business activities based on the concept of marketing represents the construction of an appropriate relationship between the effort invested and the achieved result. This means that the ability to achieve positive business activities is related to the management system of the company, the response of the target public and the achieved results. For this reason managers are constantly faced with the need to compare the achieved business results and the contribution of marketing activities. By obtaining and processing primary and secondary data, the impact of marketing itself is determined, that is, the justification of the marketing concept is checked. The importance and contribution of the marketing concept or individual marketing activities can be determined by analyzing the relationship between realized costs and key business performances. The research of marketing costs and effects expressed in selected parameters is a reliable basis for evaluating the level of acceptability of the marketing concept in the company's operations. The subject of research in this paper is the statistical-financial analysis of the impact of advertising costs on the total revenue of the company. Advertising costs represent costs incurred on the basis of a strategic plan in order to promote a company, that is, a specific product. How marketing costs affects total revenue is shown through the interdependence of costs and total revenue.

ADVERTISING ON SOCIAL NETWORKS THROUGH THE PRISM OF ETHICS

2025-09-21T22:25:39+02:00

In recent years, advertising on social networks has become one of the important factors for the survival of companies on the market. It seems that there is more and more advertising and less and less ethics. Precisely because of this, the paper pointed out the importance of ethics when advertising on social networks. Also, the results of the research conducted to determine the views of respondents who use social networks on the ethics of advertising and to identify the key problems and challenges they face during advertising are presented. The data used were collected using a survey questionnaire and processed using the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics. 350 respondents who use social networks for private, business, or combined (private and business)
participated in the research. The authors point to the importance of developing ethical guidelines and regulations for advertising on social networks to ensure fair and transparent practices that protect users' interests and promote advertisers' integrity.

THE ABUSE OF POSITION AND AUTHORITY IN THE BANKING SECTOR THROUGH A CRIMINAL LEGAL CONSTRUCT

2025-09-21T22:31:14+02:00

It is almost unavoidable not to find cases of abuse of position and authority perpetrated by bank clerks in the banking sector. Through the research itself, different types of misuses will be elaborated in this paper, such as creating loan documentation with false documents and subsequently approving the monetary loan or credit until the moment of payment. In addition to the above mentioned, in this paper we will analyse the general parameters of the internal work directives of bank clerks and their effect, as well as the legal legislation which refers to the whole banking system in B&H, in regards to the mentioned segment of misuse. From that standpoint, it should be emphasized that for abuse of position to be the subject of a criminal investigation, in addition to other characteristics, the conduct of the perpetrator through the institution of intent (lat. dolus) as a subjective element of the commission of a criminal offense must also be determined.

DEEPFAKE AS A NEW FORM OF CRIMINALITY

2025-09-23T23:07:34+02:00

Lies are not unknown to humanity, they are as old as humanity itself, but the dimensions of the consequences that lies can reach today, with the use of modern technologies, have greatly increased. Recently, the use of modern technologies has created another means on the basis of which it is possible to create and distribute false content faster and easier, which can be used to undermine basic human rights. This tool is known as Deepfake and is used to tag photos, audio and video recordings that contain content that never happened in reality. In the continuation of the work, the authors explain the appearance of deepfakes. Certain international organizations, such as the European Union and the World Intellectual Property Organization, have recognized the necessity of reactions to this phenomenon. After analyzing the legal documents of international organizations, the authors turn to the presentation of normative solutions regarding the incrimination of deepfake in certain countries. The last part of the paper is dedicated to whether, according to the existing legislation of the Republic of Serbia, deepfake can be classified as a criminal offense.

SECURITY CHALLENGES AND THREATS IN THE LOCAL COMMUNITY - CASE STUDY OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF FOCA

2025-09-28T17:22:36+02:00

People's interest has always been to be safe and that the place where they live and work has a high level of security. A safe local community is a prerequisite for development and survival, especially in today's time, which is characterized by a large number of different security challenges and threats. People's priority is to be able to satisfy their needs and realize their rights and interests in the local community where they live. Any form of threat to security in the local community arouses the interest of citizens, which is a kind of alarm for the local self-government, but also for the security authorities. Local self-government bodies in the local community are obliged to deal with issues that are of importance to their citizens and to initiate issues that are the responsibility of other bodies and services so that they are resolved in a timely manner. The issue of security in the local community is the responsibility of the local police, which also aims to ensure that the personal and property security of citizens is at the highest possible level. There are various security challenges and threats that endanger citizens in the local community and they primarily differ in relation to the specifics of the local community itself, primarily geographic, demographic, cultural, ethical, ethnic, industrial, social, etc. The aim of this paper is not only to indicate the conceptual definition of the local community and security challenges and threats, but also to indicate the very importance of a safe environment in which people live. Also, the paper will present the perception of various security threats, as well as their ranking by degree of danger by citizens in the municipality of Foča.

THE INSTITUTE OF DIVORCE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON CONSENTUAL DIVORCE AS MEANS OF ENDING A MARIAGE IN FAMILY LAW LEGISLATION OF THE FEDERATION OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2025-09-28T17:51:17+02:00

Divorce is one of the means of ending a marriage which is performed by a decision of the court during the life of the marital partners. Today divorce is a frequent occurrence in society and is known by almost all cultures around the world. The influence of the Catholic Church is the reason why the possibility of divorce has been introduced in to the legal systems of catholic states such as Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland relatively late. This is also the reason why it still does not exist in the Philippines. This paper will examine the legal ordering of the divorce in the legal system of Bosnia and Herzegovina with a brief examination of the way this legal institute is ordered in some countries of the European Union. In the first part of this paper the historical development of divorce through roman and canon law will be examined as well as divorce causes in our and comparative law. In the second, main part of this paper, the focus will be placed on the very institute of divorce and on the procedure for divorce according to the Family law of FB&H with special emphasis on consensual divorce a means of ending a marriage. The paper should demonstrate that consensual divorce is an easier and quicker process, because it is based on the free and consensual will of the marriage partners aimed at dissolving their marriage. Likewise, numerous advantages and reliefs of the procedure of consensual divorce for the marital partners as opposed to the divorce by means of filing a lawsuit will be indicated.

EXTRAMARITAL UNION IN B&H FAMILY LAW WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INHERITANCE POSITION OF THE SURVIVING EXTRAMARITAL UNION PARTNER

2025-09-28T18:24:42+02:00

The institute of the extramarital union in family law of Bosnia and Herzegovina will be examined in detail in the paper, with special emphasis to the position of the extramarital union partner as inheritor in the inheritance proceedings. The extramarital union is a union of a man and a woman of which neither is married, that has lasted for at least three years, or less if it produced a child by the participants. This is how the extramarital union is defined and determined in the Family law of the Federation and of Brčko District. In Family law of Republic Srpska the extramarital union is defined as being a union of a man and a woman (extramarital union partners) between which there are no marital obstacles and which has lasted at least two years or less if it had produced a child. Given this fact, the inheritance position of the extramarital union partner is differently regulated in B&H. The inheritance position of the extramarital union partners is significantly made more difficult by the need to prove the existence of the extramarital union. In the results of the paper possible solution to this problem will be indicated in the form of the need to register the extramarital unions. Likewise, a thought will be given to the possibility of introducing certain rebuttable legal presumptions to benefit the extramarital union partners. In this way the position of the extramarital union partner in inheritance proceedings would be enhanced and the shifting of the burden of proof from the extramarital union partners to the inheritors disputing the existence of the extramarital union would be achieved.

INVALID CONTRACTS IN THE LAW OF OBLIGATIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

2025-09-28T18:31:00+02:00

In order for an obligation contract to produce a legal effect, it is necessary to fulfill the conditions stipulated by the law for its creation and validity. The absence of any of these conditions renders the contract legally invalid. The Law on Obligations of the Republika Srpska mostly accepted the dual division of invalid legal transactions, and thus contracts, dividing them into void and relatively void, although one part of our legal theory adds to this division the category of the so-called non existent contracts. Long-standing judicial practice have not been sufficient to determine the precise difference between the conditions that must be met for a contract to be void or voidable. The paper discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of the distinction between void and voidable contracts as well as their legal effects, the consequences arising from these differences as well as the assumptions for the conversion and convalidation of invalid contracts.

THE RIGHT OF THE THIRD GENERATION - THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT

2025-09-28T18:43:35+02:00

Most modern constitutions contain provisions on the protection of the environment, so the Constitution of the Republic of Srpska in its Article 35 proclaims that man has the right to a healthy environment, and that everyone, in accordance with the law, is obliged to protect and improve it within his capabilities. Actors in the realization of this right are both public authorities and all citizens, all with the aim of ensuring the healthiest living conditions and constant
improvement of its quality. In this sense, we are all equally responsible for the quality of the environment in which we live, and therefore we must be equally aware of the consequences of our activities that are reflected on the environment, and persevere in our efforts to minimize our negative actions in terms of
environmental pollution as much as possible. That is why there is a need for greater engagement of the public authorities, raising the environmental awareness of citizens, as well as the allocation of larger budget funds for this purpose, in order to avoid the emergence of environmental problems. In this way, we will ensure and enable a dignified life and health, both for the present and future generations.

DEFENSE-IN-DEPTH OF MODERN RADIO SYSTEMS

2025-09-28T18:51:25+02:00

A purpose of this paper is to present the Defense-in-depth strategy for the protection of the information system, in this case of modern radio systems. It will explain the basic terms and systems of modern radio systems and how to implement them. Also, this paper will explain the basic concepts of radio communication systems, concepts of mobile radio and mobile GSM communication.

MODELS OF SOFTWARE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN

2025-09-28T18:57:30+02:00

The software development model involves the use of one or more traditional approaches to software development, agile methodologies, or a combination of both approaches to obtain the most efficient and effective software. The differences between these approaches are very significant and the paper will show when and which approach is best to use. Improperly used approaches to software development can greatly affect the quality of software. This paper aims to present the situation in the field of Software Systems Development Model and Software Design Model and better understanding of given areas. Modeling is the only way to visualize the design and check the requirements before starting the implementation. The most important thing is that the final product- software best meets the requirements and ideas of the customer. This is exactly what software development models and approaches allow. The second goal of the paper is to understand the importance of using software design models. The paper concludes with a conclusion that combines everything written and provides a better understanding of the importance of approaches and models for software development.

INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE FUNCTION OF CORPORATE MANAGEMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

2025-09-28T19:03:13+02:00

It is known that the three basic elements of information security are protection against confidentiality, integrity and availability of information. The ISO/IEC 27001 standard helps companies protect information in any form. The new version of the ISO/IEC 27001:2022 standard follows new trends in IT and introduces new security controls. Information security is not the same in 2022 as it was in 2013, as many companies have embraced remote work and are using virtual applications. The standards of the ISO/IEC 27000 series represent answers to the increasing challenges of implementing information security measures in the company. The paper researched, analyzed and proposed the conceptual framework of information security in the function of corporate management of information resources, services and business values. The goal is to show that there is a strong connection between information security and company operations. The recommendations and guidelines of the COBIT 2019 management framework were used for information technology management. An important feature of the development and application of the COBIT framework is its flexibility and alignment with many relevant standards.

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN GRAPHIC DESIGN AND ART - SOME ETHICAL AND AESTHETIC QUESTIONS AND THE NEED OF NEW THEORY OF ART

2025-09-28T19:34:35+02:00

Artificial intelligence has undoubtedly already entered everyday human lives. It is present in the form of simple household appliances such as robotic vacuum cleaners, in cars in the form of electronic sensors (parking sensors, autopilots, or GPS systems), in computer games in the form of computer-driven roles, in the manufacturing industry, the film industry, education, and science, but also in various other fields of human existence like culture and art. On websites, online stores, and in various software and applications, artificial intelligence has long been used in the form of chat bots. At the end, artificial intelligence and its role in human life, as well as the idea that it will completely replace humans, are increasingly common topics. Be that as it may, the fact is that humans rely more and more on artificial intelligence, which gives rise to certain questions of an ethical and aesthetic nature, especially when it comes to the artistic field. That is why in this article we will discuss the ethical and aesthetic issues that accompany artificial intelligence and its use in various fields of human activity, with an emphasis on design and art. The application of artificial intelligence in graphic design and art can speed up the design process, improve accuracy and creativity, and reduce the cost of making final products. However, artificial intelligence algorithms are still not sufficiently refined to avoid the traps of uniformity in creativity, and human influence is still indispensable in this process. The article will advocate the position that artificial intelligence still serves only as an auxiliary tool for achieving better and faster results but not as a substitute for the author's creativity, and that there is a need for a new aesthetic and theory in art.

MAPPING THE RISK OF FOREST FIRES AT THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA PRESENTED THROUGH GIS

2025-09-28T19:40:52+02:00

The result of this work is a forest fire risk map on the territory of the Republic of Srpska. In this paper, a risk map was created using a geographic information system and the spatial distribution of risks on the territory of the Republic of Srpska was shown. All data used were digitized in raster and vector format and as such were used for further analysis using GIS. The paper describes the methodology by which the risk map was created and by which criteria the degree of risk was assigned. Forest fire risk maps are created for the purpose of planning the protection of forests and forest land from fire. In addition to the map, guidelines are also given on how to influence fire risk reduction, as well as how the map can be upgraded.

EARLY DETECTION OF PHYTOPHTHORA PLURIVORA PATHOGEN INFECTION IN SWEET CHESTNUT LEAVES USING NONDESTRUCTIVE OPTICAL METHOD

2025-09-28T19:47:13+02:00

This study introduces a novel nondestructive optical method for detecting infections of the invasive Phytophthora plurivora pathogen in sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) leaves, as well as monitoring plant health and stress. The proposed method utilizes spectrophotometric measurements to continuously monitor the optical transmission coefficients of plant leaves in realtime. To test the method, one group of plants was infected with the pathogen while another group was kept healthy in prolonged period. The infected group exhibited modified circadian rhythms of the optical transmission, which were indicative of the plants' stress. These findings demonstrate the ability of the proposed optical method to detect early stress in plants and to improve plant health assessment and management by providing an early indicator of plant stress and disease, thereby allowing for prompt intervention and treatment.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF KRANJSKA SAUSAGE WITH CASINGS TREATED WITH PLANT EXTRACTS (PRINUS SPINOSA L.)

2025-09-28T20:01:43+02:00

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of natural casing treatment with aqueous or ethanol extract of the blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa L.) on fatty acids content of vacuumpacked Kranjska sausages. Three experimental groups of sausages were produced: CS - a conventional sausage filled in a natural casing; WS - a sausage filled in a natural casing previously submerged in an aqueous blackthorn extract, and; ES - a sausage filled in a natural casing previously submerged in ethanol blackthorn extract. The sausages were produced in industrial conditions, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4°C for 60 days. The GC-FID analytical technique determined the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids in the tested samples. The predominant saturated fatty acids (SFA) were palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0), whose amounts ranged from 24.32% to 25.68% and 15.49% to 15.99%, respectively. The most
represented monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) was oleic acid (C18:1), which ranged from 42.37% to 43.57%. Linoleic acid (C18:2c+t) was the dominating polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), with 7.40% to 7.97%. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that treated casings had a statistically significant effect (p<0.05) on the content of the identified fatty acids in analyzed samples.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CREAM CHEESE WITH THE ADDITION OF SELECTED SPICES

2025-09-28T20:11:44+02:00

This study aimed to examine the influence of adding selected spices on the physicochemical properties of fresh cream cheese. Six different samples of fresh cream cheese were produced in the milk processing plant (mini cheese factory). The first sample was marked as a control, without the addition of spices, and the other five were produced with the addition of different ones (oregano, basil, parsley, rosemary, and chives) in the amount of 1%. To define the quality of produced cheeses, the following analyzes were performed: determination of moisture, ash, protein, fat, chloride content, determination of acidity, pH measurement, and water activity measurement. Based on the obtained results, it was determined that the addition of spices had a statistically significant (p<0.05) effect on the physicochemical properties of fresh cream cheese. Analyzing the results of physicochemical tests of produced samples of cream cheese, it was established that the values of all tested parameters were in accordance with the relevant legal regulations. Produced cheeses with the addition of selected spices meet the quality requirements and might deliver important value and potential effects for different groups of consumers.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SHELLED AND UNSHELLED APRICOT SEEDS, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF OILS OBTAINED FROM THESE SEEDS

2025-09-28T20:18:49+02:00

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) is a continental stone fruit that belongs to the Rosaceae family. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical properties of shelled and unshelled apricot seeds, as well as the physico-chemical and antioxidant characteristics of the oils obtained from these seeds. The content of moisture, crude ash, crude protein and crude fat in unshelled apricot seeds amounted 4.79%; 2.60%; 21.31% and 47.72%, respectively, and the values for these parameters were not significantly different in relation to shelled apricot seeds where the following values were obtained: 5.02%; 2.53%; 22.06%; 51.79%, respectively. The content of potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and calcium, expressed in mg/100g, in unshelled and shelled apricot seeds were 618.86 and 567.04; 259.83 and 248.06; 144.28 and 136.26; 118.04 and 117.10, respectively. Unshelled apricot seeds contained more different fatty acids compared to shelled apricot seeds. The content of the two plentiful fatty acids, oleic and linoleic, was approximately equal. The density, refractive index at 20˚C, iodine number and saponification number of the unshelled apricot seed oil amounted 0.91 g/mL, 1.4701, 98.92 g I2/100g and 199.14 mg KOH/g, and were almost identical to the values obtained for the shelled seed oil. The acid level of unshelled apricot seed oil was 0.96 cm3/100g, and it differed from that of unshelled apricot seed oil (1.47 cm3/100g). Similar to the seed samples, the two most abundant fatty acids in oils were oleic (66.05% in unshelled seed oil and 68.37% in shelled seed oil) and linoleic (23.41% in unshelled seed oil and 23.65% in shelled seed oil). Both types of oils showed weak antioxidant activity with regard to DPPH and ABTS radicals, with the fact that the oil of shelled apricot seeds (IC50= 5757.58 mg/mL) showed slightly better antioxidant activity with regard to ABTS radical compared to unshelled apricot seed oil (IC50=6793.61 μg/mL), while with regard to the DPPH radical, unshelled apricot seed oil (IC50=43504.44 μg/mL) showed better antioxidant activity compared to shelled apricot seed oil (IC50=45637.5 μg/mL).

INVESTIGATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC STRENGTH OF AIR SUSPENSION BELLOWS IN HEAVY VEHICLES

2025-09-28T20:33:13+02:00

Air suspension bellows is a rubber-based polymer material that needs to be used in heavyduty vehicles. The service life of the rubber and court cloth used as the bellows material changes due to the process. While premature damage to the bellows increases the risk of accidents, frequent replacements cause an increase in costs. In this study, improvement studies based on the court cloth and the process were carried out. At the end of the study, two types of air bellows materials passed static tests. These tests are; DMA, RPA tests for pre-cooking rubber mixture; for court cloth, elongation, z and s twist, adhesion strength, court thickness. Tensile test, hardness and impermeability tests were applied to the samples after the vulcanization process. With the improvements made, the mechanical tests have been confirmed. Blasting and fatigue tests were carried out for the life of the bellows. The mold firing temperature was reduced from 185°C to 180°C, the time was reduced from 415 seconds to 385 seconds, and it was determined that the product life of the bellows increased by 15% at 12 bar constant pressure.

QUALITY TESTING OF SODIUM BICARBONATE

2025-09-28T20:38:17+02:00

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), also known as baking soda, is widely used in different branches of industry (chemical, food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, etc.), but also in the household. When talking about the use of baking soda in the household, one of the frequent questions is whether it contains aluminium. Therefore, the aim of this work is to examine the quality of commercially available baking soda products. Samples used for analysing the quality of products are different commercial products found in marketplaces and pharmacies in Banja Luka, and one sample obtained directly from the soda ash factory. In this paper the products were tested for the concentration of NaHCO3, chlorides, ammonium ion and aluminium, in accordance with standard methods. The results show that the mass fraction of NaHCO3 for all tested samples is very high (99.30%–99.99%). The tested concentrations of chloride and ammonium ions also show slight deviations in the tested samples, and the obtained values range from 0.00%–0.05%. The presence of aluminium was found in all tested samples in traces, and the obtained values range from 0.0025%-0.0050%. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that all tested samples of baking soda from the domestic market are of extremely high purity, while impurities are present in very low concentrations.

MULTILAYER PERCEPTRON CLASSIFICATION MODEL FOR DETECTING EMOTIONAL DISTRESS IN BREAST CANCER PATIENTS

2025-09-29T21:59:31+02:00

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies, and one of the leading causes of cancer-related death among women. This research aimed to explain emotional distress based on self-empowerment skills and interpersonal interactions in breast cancer patients using the explainable multilayer perceptron classification model. The participants in this research were a sample of 735 patients age ranged from 19-80 with breast cancer from Tajrish Hospital in Tehran in 2022 who were selected by convenience sampling through online platforms. The survey assessments included demographic characteristics (age and job, marital status and educational level), emotional distress, self-empowerment skills, interpersonal interactions, and family care. The data were analyzed using the Multilayer Perceptron Classification Model. The input layer includes age and job, marital status and educational level, self-empowerment skills, interpersonal interactions, family care and gender) and the output layer (target feature) includes emotional distress divided into low and high groups using a mean split. The results indicated that the accuracy of the classification in the training and test samples was 75.6% and 73.5% respectively. The AUC of 0.812 in the models was near to 1 indicating an excellent fit. Interpersonal interactions, self-empowerment, family care, age, having job, educational level and marital status were the most important effects in explaining the classification of emotional distress.

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE BLOWN FILMS

2025-09-29T22:08:16+02:00

The production of polyethylene blown films, which are used for the production of packaging, such as different types of bags and pouches, is a very complex process. With this procedure, the molten plastic mass is extruded through a ring tool and forms a thick-walled cylinder. The still heated and softened cylinder expands by blowing air into a hollow cylinder of a certain diameter and wall thickness. The quality of the film is affected by adjusting and matching the height of the cooling line, the blowing ratio, the working speed and the capacity of the extruder. The quality of the film can also be affected by add of additives in the extrusion process. In this way, the material gets the desired color, firmness, elasticity, static electricity is eliminated, and it is possible to influence other properties as well. Commercially available PELD, PEHD, recycled PE material that was not used for original purposes (Post Industrial Recycled Materials) and additives were used for the production of films. By mixing fresh polyethylene, additives and recycled polyethylene in different ratios, products with different mechanical characteristics are obtained.

PCM APPLICATION IN LIGHT CONSTRUCTION BUILDINGS IN VARIOUS CLIMATES

2025-09-29T22:15:21+02:00

Incorporating phase change materials (PCM) into building structures as passive latent heat thermal energy storage technologies offers a potential solution for reducing energy demand and regulating thermal comfort in occupied buildings. Integrating PCM into lightweight walls can improve their thermal performance by increasing building heat capacity and decreasing energy consumption. The effects of phase change materials (PCMs) added to the thermal envelope of lightweight residential containers on building thermal comfort are investigated in this study. The simulations were run for the summer period because it is difficult to achieve thermal comfort without using a lot of energy at that time. Thermal comfort is highly dependent on both, climatic conditions and the materials used to construct the building's thermal envelope, and the simulation was performed for weather conditions in five different geographic locations using TRNSYS simulation software. The paper examines the effects of PCM on indoor air temperature, specifically on reduction of maximum air temperature and temperature fluctuations.

DISTRIBUTION OF MINIMUM MAIN NORMAL STRESS IN UNIAXIAL TENSION PLATE WITH CIRCULAR OPENING

2025-09-29T22:30:03+02:00

The growth of production is largely related to the increase in the volume of scientific and technical information used in the process of constructing. The collection, processing, transmission and analysis of technical information can greatly affect the process of constructing. By having such information, constructors come up with ideas more easily and carry out processes of constructing more easily. In the process of constructing, constructors perform various calculations and analyses. Analysis of the state of stress is one of the main analyzes in the process of constructing of machine parts. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to analyze the distribution of the minimum main normal stress during axial tension of isotropic rectangular plates with a central circular opening. For this analysis, the finite element method (FEM) and the ANSYS software package were used, and steel as one of the most well-known isotropic materials was used for the plate material.

STRESS ANALYSIS OF GEAR SHIFT FORK WITH MASS OPTIMIZATION

2025-09-29T22:35:26+02:00

This study focuses on stress analysis and optimization of a gear shift fork. The main function of the gear shift fork is to enable proper engagement and disengagement of the required gear to achieve a specific transmission ratio. The aim of this study is to create a new optimized design of the fork and perform an analysis. Using Autodesk Inventor 2023 software, a 3D model of the fork is created, a finite element mesh is generated, and a static analysis of the old and new model is performed under identical constraints and loads. Using the Shape Generator option within Autodesk Inventor software, optimization which lead to a reduction in the mass of the part by 23% is performed. However, the analysis results show that the maximum Von Mises stress increases in the optimized model.

THE POSSIBILITY OF USING POLYMER-BASED PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

2025-09-29T22:42:50+02:00

Phase change materials (PCM) are attractive energy storage technologies due to their high energy storage density and the ability to reversible absorb and release thermal energy at a nearly constant temperature. Polymers and polymer-based eutectic mixtures are promising PCMs. This study aims to investigate heat properties (melting temperature (Tm), latent heat (ΔH) and thermal conductivity(λ)) of potential PCMs based on polyethylene glycol polymer (PEG2000). We prepared following two and three components materials: PEG2000: ethylene glycol (5:6): PEG2000: PPG 400 (1:5); PEG2000: PPG400: Choline chloride (2:2:15); PEG2000: ethylene glycol (5:6); PEG2000: Glyoxal (5:2). The prepared three components material belong to deep eutectic solvents. Tm of the prepared materials are lower compared to pure PEG2000 (Tm = 57 ºC) e.g. Tm of PEG2000: PPG400: Choline chloride is 43 ºC. The determined melting enthalpies are also lower for prepared materials compared to PEG2000. This decrease is lower for eutectic mixture such as PEG2000: Choline chloride: ethylene glycol. We can conclude based on the obtained result that eutectic mixtures based on polymers are promising PCMs.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL OF WASTE VEHICLE TIRES, HOT ASPHALT EFFECT ON PROPERTIES

2025-09-29T22:50:10+02:00

In today's world, with the increasing population density, consumption habits are also changing and increasing rapidly in proportion to the population. The development of the industry, the transportation of products produced together, the increase in the rate of individual vehicle ownership have also increased the rate of vehicle tire usage significantly. This situation has led to the development of new environmental problems. Developing environmental problems have pushed countries to seek disposal of waste tires. In this study, it was used as an additive to hot asphalt as a disposal method of waste tires. The effect of waste tire on the physical and chemical properties of hot asphalt was investigated. Waste vehicle tires were granulated based on powder metallurgy principles with the help of water jet and a homogeneous mixture was provided with hot asphalt at 160 °C. Asphalt samples mixed with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% rubber powder were prepared and subjected to Marshall test. The Marshall test results of the control sample obtained from hot asphalt without additives were compared. The waste tire ratio of the sample that provides the optimum value improvement was determined as 8%. Then, Indirect Tensile Strength Test, Bitumen Filled-Void Ratio Test, Breaking Energy Test, Loading Test, Tire Track Tests were applied to this sample. As a result, it was concluded that 8% waste tire additive had a positive effect on the physical and chemical properties of hot asphalt.

THE USE OF EGG SHELL, CHICKEN FEATHERS, MARBLE POWDER AS CONCRETE ADMIXTURE AND INVESTIGATION EFFECTS

2025-09-30T09:07:10+02:00

Food industry waste has a great potential for use in terms of prevalence, accessibility and quantity. In this research, the effects of eggshells on concrete by substitution of cement were investigated. In addition, the results of using chicken feathers together with egg shells as fiber reinforcement material were also examined. For the comprehensive evaluation of the effects of eggshell, marble dust, which is a waste of limestone and marble industry widely used in the cement industry, was also used as an additive. In this context, an additive-free cement was prepared under laboratory conditions and 12 cement samples with additives were prepared by substituting all additives to this cement in different proportions. Physical, chemical and mechanical tests of these samples were carried out. According to the test results, conformity assessment of all samples according to the cement standard was carried out separately. It has also been determined that CEM I 42.5 R Portland cement can be produced and used at higher rates by substituting up to 10% of ground eggshell. Cement produced with eggshell has been found to increase the early strength of concrete. In addition, it was determined that the setting time of the concrete was shortened if chicken feathers were added to the cement together with the egg shell.

1D TEMPERATURE TOMOGRAPHY OF A FLAME, BASED ON VIS-NIR SPECTROMETRY

2025-09-30T09:12:39+02:00

This study presents a novel method for the reconstruction of the temperature distribution inside firebox of a coal power plant. A set of experimental measurements was performed on the premises of a large commercial coal power plant. The distribution of the temperature has been reconstructed using spectrometry measurements. Radiative heat transfer model was used to solve inverse problem by damped least-squares (Levenberg-Marquardt) method. This research offers experimental, and measurement set up in power plant based on two spectrometers. Two probes were coupled to two identical spectrometers via optical fiber cables. The temperature field distribution was measured in one dimension, along the line of sight between two horizontally opposed optical probes. The advantage of this method is in its simplicity and in addition, it enables the faster determination of temperature profile. The new method avoids the need for an insertion of cooled probes deep into the firebox. It also enables calculating of the average attenuation coefficient which is related to the concentration of particles in the flame. This method gives the opportunity to be modified for determination of 2D and 3D temperature distributions.

INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL VEHICLE DIAGNOSTICS ON RELIABILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

2025-09-30T09:18:25+02:00

Modern vehicles are equipped with systems that enable greater safety and comfort. Diagnostics in the vehicle enables the system to monitor itself and all peripheral components. It also detects and stores disturbances and interferences that are detected throughout the system. The requirements it should fulfill is continuous monitoring of all system characteristics, such as: physical inputs/outputs, functional behavior of the system and network configuration. Diagnostics, as an integral part of condition maintenance, should determine the technical condition of the constituent components with a certain accuracy at a certain moment in time. Determining the working condition of the constituent components is achieved by applying appropriate modern instruments with the aim of increasing the safety and reliability of vehicle users, as well as environmental protection.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF AUTHORITARIANITY AND VIRTUAL BEHAVIOR ON SOCIAL NETWORKS

2025-09-30T09:24:08+02:00

The main goal of this research was to check whether there is a statistically significant correlation between authoritarianism and virtual behavior on social networks, as well as whether there are differences in virtual behavior on social networks with regard to sociodemographic characteristics. A total of 242 respondents, 65 male and 177 female respondents participated in this study. The age of the respondents ranged between 16 and 66 years and the average age was 33 years. The instruments used in the research are: a questionnaire for collecting data on sociodemographic characteristics of respondents designed for this research, Autoritarnostquestionnaire (for testing authoritarianism) i VPDM-questionnaire (a questionnaire for testing virtual behavior on social networks). The research results showed that there is a statistically significant connection between authoritarianism and two forms of virtual behavior on social networks, namely virtual alienation and negative attitude towards social networks. Also, significant differences were found in virtual behavior on social networks with regard to gender, age and education.

EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEXT OF JOB SATISFACTION

2025-09-30T15:06:05+02:00

Emotional intelligence is significant for all spheres of human life. Therefore, it has also found its practical application in the company’s business operations. In recent times, the importance of emotional intelligence in organizations has been recognized as a key factor of successful work of the organization in the sense that it influences the individual to initiate and continue with activities despite obstacles, to cope with dissatisfaction successfully, manages his way of thinking, empathizes with others and contributes to reducing the ambiguity of social interaction. On the other hand, one of the most important tasks of any organization is to increase the efficiency of employees because this is how the organization achieves its goals. In order to achieve efficiency and attain organizational goals, it is not enough to have only highly motivated employees, but also their job satisfaction must be at a higher level. Numerous factors influence job satisfaction; both organizational such as job satisfaction itself, pleasant working conditions, coworkers, reward system, organizational structure and personal factors such as an employee characteristics and personality traits, the compatibility of personal traits and work, overall life satisfaction, the status in the organization, age and seniority. The aim of this work is to examine whether there is a connection between the level of emotional intelligence of employees and job satisfaction, whether individuals with a higher level of emotional intelligence also have higher job satisfaction because both areas are of great importance for the successful functioning of the organization. The aim is also to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in job satisfaction between employees of different age and years of employment. Employees in business entities from different activities from the Republic of Srpska participated in the research. The data was collected using an emotional intelligence test as well as a job satisfaction questionnaire designed for the purpose of this research.

REY–OSTERRIETH COMPLEX FIGURE TEST (ROCF): COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPLICATION ON RESPONDENT WITH AND WITHOUT A DIAGNOSIS

2025-09-30T15:01:41+02:00

Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF) is used for research purposes to examine the development of visuo-perceptual organization, visual short-term and long-term memory, as well as executive functions. The aim of this paper is to present the results of research on the application of the ROCF test, and to interpret and compare two cases of application of the ROCF: on subjects from a healthy and psychopathological population. Respondents were selected to be of the same age and gender. From the psychopathological population, a subject with a diagnosis of autistic spectrum was selected. The results confirmed the results of previous research. The healthy subject used a drawing strategy characteristic of people without neuropsychological difficulties, there were no deviations in drawing and sketching. The subject with autism, although functional, on the ROCF test had a severe decline in the ability to plan and organize, as well as the ability to remember relevant visual information, with the use of an inferior drawing strategy.

COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL TREATMENT OF SOCIAL ANXIETY: A CASE STUDY

2025-09-30T14:56:20+02:00

Cognitive-behavioral theory claims that an individual creates social anxiety to a certain extent by exaggerating the consequences of his failure and public performance in front of the audience (Labaš, 2021; according to Konig, Peulić, Matijević, 2018). Social anxiety or fear of public speaking is a form of anxiety and denotes a normal reaction, state of alertness and stimulation of awareness to danger (Labaš, 2021). This reaction to danger can cause vigilance, combativeness, withdrawal or flight, which on the one hand helps in overcoming difficulties, but on the other hand can be an extremely uncomfortable state. In this regard, it is most beneficial to change the perception and attitude towards social anxiety. This paper presents cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of social anxiety in a 19-year-old girl. The treatment lasted a month and a half, more precisely, five sessions were conducted. The therapy consisted of the following cognitive behavioral techniques: alleviating the fear of public speaking through a change in perception and psychoeducation, practicing presentation skills, shifting focus, and the like. It is important to note that this is a client with extremely developed personal capacities and resources, therefore the treatment was completed relatively quickly, and the set initial goals were met. The evaluation of the effect of the implemented cognitive-behavioral treatment was done on the basis of clinical evaluation, subjective reporting of the client as well as standard questionnaires for psychological assessment. The following questionnaires were used in this work: AAQII, SGSE, CORE, YSQ and SCL-90.

CASE REPORT OF COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THERAPY OF PANIC DISORDER IN COMORBIDITY WITH HYPOCHONDRIA

2025-09-30T15:48:26+02:00

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a science-based principle that research shows is effective for a wide range of problems. The therapist and client work together to identify and understand the problem in terms of the relationship between thoughts, feelings and behavior. The approach is usually focused on the „here and now“ difficulties. The problem to be approached must be precisely defined, as well as the goal to be worked on during the therapy. The development of this approach went through three waves: the first represented behavioral therapies based on classical and operant conditioning, the second were cognitive therapies based on changing cognitions and social learning, and the third were "mindfulness" therapies based on acceptance and full awareness. This paper presents a case of panic disorder in a 22-year-old girl, with the use of cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), especially the third wave (ACT). The paper describes the plan and course of treatment, with appropriate techniques. An essential characteristic of panic disorder is repeated attacks of severe anxiety that are not limited to a particular situation or set of circumstances and are therefore unpredictable. Panic anxiety refers to situations where there is no objective danger. Comorbidity refers to the psychiatric disorders in the same person, regardless of the time and relationship between the occurrence of these disorders.The treatment lasted three and a half months, divided into thirteen sessions. All set goals were achieved, and the client reports on subjective improvement. The assessment of the effect of the implemented cognitive-behavioral treatment was done on the basis of clinical evaluation, as well as standard questionnaires for psychological assessment, namely: AAQII, SGSE, CORE, YSQ, SCL-90 and UPH.

PSYCHEDELIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOLOGY

2025-09-30T20:34:24+02:00

Scientific interest in psychedelic drugs has increased exponentially over the past decade. Just in the last few years, small controlled clinical trials examining the potential therapeutic utility of psilocybin-assisted therapy in patients suffering from anxiety, depression, and substance abuse have reported extremely positive outcomes. Hallucinogen has perhaps been most widely used in scientific literature and is the legal designation used to classify these substances in many countries. Unfortunately, it also is a misnomer because these compounds rarely evoke true hallucinations and do not normally impair reality testing. Furthermore, a wide range of psychoactive substances, including cannabinoids, dissociative anesthetics, anticholinergics, and entactogens such as MDMA, can produce “hallucinogenic” effects. Hence, LSD-like drugs are often referred to as classical hallucinogens or serotonergic hallucinogens in order to distinguish them from other drug classes.

STRESS AND AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

2025-09-30T20:46:37+02:00

The continuation of life depends on the ability of an organism to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium or homeostasis. Homeostasis is constantly disturbed by entropic forces, the stressors: the state of threatened homeostasis is called stress. A complex set of behavioral and physical reactions the adaptive response is employed by the organism to reestablish balanced physiological conditions. In antiquity, Hippocrates regarded health as harmonious balance of the four key elements of life – water, fire, air, and earth – and defined states of imbalance among these elements as disease. He also described the adaptive response as the “healing power of nature.” (Chrouses, & Gold, 1992). The actual term stress was originally adopted from physics by Hans Selye. In physics, it describes the resistance of a body to applied pressure, following Hook’s law of elasticity. An acting force may distort a body elastically in linear fashion or, if applied excessively in quality, quantity, or time, may produce nonlinear deformations. Similarly, stress may be a transient and time – limited responses of the organisms, whereas the physiological and behavioral defense mechanisms, rendering them inefficient or deleterious. Unraveling the mechanisms and pathways that the immune system uses for communication between its various parts has proven to be fascinating and complicated endeavor that is far from completion. Studies of the structure and function of the immune system have produced information that can provide investigators with important lessons in psychoneuroimmunology. Indeed, education is an integral component of the function of the immune system; once the immune system has encountered an antigen, instructions are given so that the experience will be remembered. Stress plays an important role in individual and species survival, but it also participates in the development and aging of every individual. The quality, intensity, and duration of stress are important in determining the positive or negative effects on the organism. There are two main condition of the stress system that led to pathology: an excessive and prolonged or a defective adaptive response to a stressor. In both cases, the dose – response relation between the potency of a stressor and the adaptive response of the organism is shifted to the left or right respectfully. There are pathological conditions of the stress system leading to disease and, vice versa, disease that alter the activity of the stress system in pathological fashion.

THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEVERE ACUTE EXACERATIONS OF CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE: A TIME SERIES FROM NOVI SAD, SERBIA

2025-09-30T20:55:43+02:00

Introduction: Variable values of meteorological factors may influence the development of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD), but there are few studies available on this subject. This study's objective was to determine whether such effects are existent in patients residing in Novi Sad, Serbia. Methods: In this time-series, the medical histories of 552 patients hospitalized at the Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina between 2017 and 2022 for severe AECOPD of non-infectious etiology were analyzed. For the entire period, data on the average daily values of air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind speed on the territory of Novi Sad were collected. For statistical analysis, a quasi-Poisson generalized linear model along with DLNM models were utilized. Results: For each increase in atmospheric pressure of 5 mBar, the relative risk (RR) for the occurrence of AEHOBP hospitalization was 0.80 (95% CI 0.44–1.46); for an increase in temperature of 5°C, the RR was 1.09 (95% CI 0.94–1.27); for an increase in relative air humidity of 10%, the RR was 0.97 (95% CI 0.58–1.62); and for an increase in wind speed of 1 m/s, the RR was 1.06 (95% CI 0.51–2.21). Individual and cumulative lag models, along with multi-predictor models, produced no statistically significant results as well. Conclusions: In our sample, there was no correlation between meteorological factors and severe AECOPD. There is a need for additional research involving a greater number of respondents from various geographic regions.

ISOPROTERENOL STRUCTURE, ANTIOXIDATIVE PROPERTIES, AND INTERACTIONS WITH PROTEINS

2025-09-30T21:02:50+02:00

Isoprenaline (isoproterenol) is a non-selective β-adrenoreceptor agonist known for its therapeutic effects, which include increased heart rate and cardiac output, bronchodilation, and improved peripheral circulation. Apart from its primary functions in the nervous system and physiological regulation, isoproterenol exhibits antioxidant properties. This study employed a combination of experimental techniques (UV–vis, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy) and theoretical calculation methods (molecular docking and DFT) to investigate the structural and functional properties of isoproterenol. The appropriate level of theory (M05-2X/6-311++G(d,p)) was determined by comparing experimental and theoretical bond lengths and angles. The antioxidative activity of isoproterenol towards DPPH• was assessed using UV-VIS spectroscopy and further analyzed by DFT methods to elucidate the most probable antiradical mechanism. Compared to its natural analogs (epinephrine and norepinephrine), isoproterenol demonstrates energetically more stable orthosteric binding to the β-adrenergic receptor. Molecular analysis revealed that - contacts with amino acids and hydrogen bonding involving hydroxyl and amino groups play an important role in its binding. This study enhances our understanding of the antioxidant properties of isoproterenol, providing insights into its potential relevance in oxidative stressrelated conditions. Moreover, the structural findings contribute to the future development of novel therapeutic agents with enhanced antioxidant activity and pharmacological profiles.

AMBIENT TEACHING – LEARNING ENVIRONMENT FOR GIFTED STUDENTS IN CHEMISTRY

2025-09-30T21:07:28+02:00

Establishing a learning environment for gifted students is of great importance since it should encompass the development of their interpersonal skills, social responsibility and enable effective delivery of teaching instructions (Miedijensky, 2018). Contrary to traditional school learning through the adoption of final products of scientific research, ambient teaching is offering high degree of adoption of a scientific way of thinking and engagement of students, starting from observational procedures, to extracting and collection of materials (Lehrer, & Schauble, 2006). Our study aimed to explore the gifted students’ perceptions regarding the ambient teaching as a model for learning environment. 24 gifted students from elementary schools in Kragujevac attended at the workshop in the laboratory at the Faculty of Science. The workshop was dedicated to the basic principles and laboratory operations and equipment, while problems were carefully designed to meet the cognitive needs of gifted students. Interview was used as instrument for delineation of the gifted students’ perceptions regarding the ambient teaching. According to the results, majority of the students confirmed the significance and suitability of the ambient teaching for the learning chemistry as school subject, as well as they considered this way of learning more interesting than traditional method used in schools.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SPATIALITY

2025-09-30T21:29:22+02:00

The design of space and its evaluation can be examined from the way space is perceived and from its memory production potential. Such psychological notions of spatiality, which primarily concern the perceived and experienced aspect, are most often drawn from the first children's spatial conceptualizations. Analyzing preverbal and precultural spatial representations of children on the one hand, and contemporary architectural practice on the other, this paper sets as its theme groups of qualitative values that are psychologically established through interaction between users and the space they inhabit. In this way, concepts such as place, sensory experience, and subconscious experience are directly associated with qualitative values such as domestic, sensory, and affective comfort. The aim of this paper is to form a methodological pattern of architectonic structure of comfort, within which values of lower order of associated parameters are established, explained by concepts such as integrity, temporality, grounding, sensory potential, haptic qualities, immediacy, and identification, as well as spatial indicators and architectural elements that incite and produce complex psychological connections with space. As a result, the presented techniques and operational tools for evaluating the psychological aspect of spatiality can serve as a methodology for evaluation and improvement of existing spaces, but also as a method for designing new higher quality spaces, that would build more complex psychological connections between user and
environment.

THE ROLE OF A DIAGRAM IN THE METHODOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION

2025-09-30T21:57:12+02:00

The main goal of this paper is to examine the role of a diagram within the design studio as a significant methodology in contemporary architectural education. Our starting point is the fact that in mastering the skill of architectural design, the most important thing is to understand the process itself, and that the architectural diagram is one of the modern instruments that enables and improves that process. In practice, generations of architects who promote the diagram and use it as a basic design tool, thereby introducing innovations into the architectural discourse. According to our current understanding, the diagram is a representation of the complex structure of architectural thinking and a means of visualizing the creative process. The methodological approach in this paper is based on theoretical and empirical research. In the first part of the paper, the theoretical framework of the diagram phenomenon in architecture is set, while the second part is conceived as an empirical research conducted through the teaching process within the design studio of the Architectural Studies at the Faculty of Architecture, Civil Engineering and Geodesy of the University of Banja Luka. The expected result of the discussion of this paper is a better understanding of the role and practical application of a diagram and diagrammatic thinking in order to improve and advance the methodology of the educational process in the field of architectural design.

STUDENT EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

2025-09-30T22:15:16+02:00

The paper analyzes the student assessment of the quality of higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an emphasis on the implementation of standards for quality improvement introduced in 2012. The aim of the research is to assess the effectiveness of these measures in improving the quality of higher education in the country. The main research question is whether there is a difference in the quality of teaching before and after the introduction of quality assurance standards. In order to arrive at the results, an independent samples t-test was conducted with the calculation of the mean and standard deviation. The data used were collected using survey questionnaires, and referred to the period before the introduction of the standard (from 2008 to 2012) and after the introduction of the standard (from 2013 to 2022). The data were processed using the statistical program IBM SPSS Statistics. The obtained results show that student evaluation is a valuable tool for improving quality and that the introduction of standards and accreditation of higher education institutions are steps taken in the right direction. However, there is still room for further improvements in the quality of higher education in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME AS A GLOBAL THREAT TO THE WORLD

2025-09-30T22:22:41+02:00

Environmental crime is a global problem and a serious threat primarily to health security. Namely, the citizens’ awareness about the importance of the environment is at a rather low level. Therefore, the paper will deal with the issue of illegal dump sites in the area of the City of Doboj, their causes, consequences, as well as the measures that are to be undertaken with the aim of preventing environmental crimes. The paper will also present potential measures/solutions for the purpose of decreasing the number of illegal dump sites which considerably endanger the basic components of the environment.

GENERIC COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES

2025-09-30T22:34:09+02:00

One of the main issues in competitive strategy is the company's relative position in the economic segment. Positioning determines whether a company's profitability will be above or below the average of the corresponding economic segment. A company that is capable of doing well positions can achieve high rates of return even if the structure of the economic segment is unfavorable, and the average profitability in it is modest. The most important condition for long-term above-average results is sustainable competitiveness an advantage. Although compared to its competitors, the company may have countless advantages and disadvantages, there are two basic types of competitive advantages it can have: low costs and differentiation. The significance of any strengths or weaknesses of the company is ultimately a consequence of their impact on relative costs or differentiation. Cost advantage and differentiation, on the other hand, arise from the structure of the economy segment. The subject of research in this paper is the impact of a defined strategic commitment on implementation of the company's set goals, as well as the reflection of the chosen strategy on the further future of the business. The goal of the research is to find the basic prerequisites for successful application in generics competitive strategies, as well as parameters for qualitative and quantitative measures of performance. Also, the goal is to examine whether the companies operating in the field of railway transport in BiH used generic competitive strategies and explored the key prerequisites for a successful one strategy implementation. The choice of the rail transport market stems from the fact that there is potential to gain a competitive advantage over other transport markets in BiH.