ZBORNIK STED KONFERENCIJE

NOVEL POLYCARBONATE-BASED POLYURETHANE NANOCOMPOSITES: SYNTESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

All aliphatic starting reactants were used to prepare two series of polycarbonate-based polyurethane (PC-PU) composite films: 1) with a low amount of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt%) by one-step technique and 2) PC-PU hybrid materials by addition of submicron amorphous SiO2 Sidistar T120 particles (0, 1, 2, 5 and 10 wt%) using prepolymerization method. The study of the influence of different filler distribution on the structure of obtained elastomers composites was performed using FT-IR and AFM. TGA analysis was carried out to investigate the effect of inorganic fillers on thermal stability and degradation of synthesized PC-PU materials. The impact of silica and titania on the glass transition temperature and melting of obtained polyurethane systems was studied by DSC and MDSC. Based on obtained results, the synthesized polyurethane materials showed improved thermal stability and enhanced thermal properties.

CRISIS: INDIVIDUALLY INTO A COLLECTIVE THROUGH THE PRISM OF ARTISTS

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Although we live in a time of various viruses, due to the state of emergency of the Covid epidemic, we can ask ourselves what does this disease tell us as a society? Is it a collective detachment from our consumerist illusions imposed by the previous system? Is this disease a metaphysical warning to rethink social standards, or is it just another crisis that needs to pass? By examining the relationship between the two concepts: the concept of identity and the concept of deconstruction, as key to the problematic theme of the crisis, we come to the answer as to why this disease has triggered many other crises within us. By exploring the relationship between artists and crises, as well as artists who have survived Covid, we map various emotions that are a common point of all people regardless of country, race or gender. Crises occur on an individual or social level. At the individual level, they represent a change in a person's normal functioning. At the social level, we see a complex social situation in political, economic, social and cultural systems. ”3 The crisis, in this sense, refers to the problem of identity with the questions posed in his manifesto by Paul Gauguin: “Where are we from? Who are we? Where are we going?".
Key words: crisis, identity, art.

CONTENT OF WATER SOLUBLE AND INTERCNANGEABLE FORM OF ZINC IN THE DUST ON THE MAIN ROAD M-17 THROUGH THE CITY OF MOSTAR

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The paper presents a study of the content of water - soluble and exchangeable forms of zinc in the dust on the main road M-17 through the city of Mostar. In the observed area, five localities were selected for the research of defined tasks. Dust samples were taken in one cycle (autumn 2018). The specified metal was determined in accordance with EU standards, using the instrument AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), type AA-6200-Shimazdu. method: FAAS-flame technique in determining the total zinc content and ETAAS-electrothermal technique in determining the water - soluble and exchangeable form of zinc. The results of the research show changes in the zinc content in different localities. The lowest zinc content was determined at the site of the Orthodox Church (Bjelušine) in the value of 28,33 mg / kg and the highest at the site Bišće polje in the value of 81,67 mg / kg. The concentration of water-soluble forms of zinc in the water extract was low and ranged from 0,52 mg / kg at the examined locality Bišće polje to 3,57 mg / kg at the examined locality Mazoljice. The content of exchangeable forms of zinc in acid extraction is the highest at the Bišće polje locality, 52,08 mg / kg, and the lowest at the Orthodox Church locality (Bjelušine) up to 9,51 mg / kg.

ANALYSIS OF CO2 EMISSIONS IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR - THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF KRAGUJEVAC

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Local governments play an important role in fighting the climate changes, as much in reducing emissions as in raising the awareness of citizens in the fight against climate changes. By analyzing CO2 emissions - from which sectors the largest emissions originate - it is possible to propose adequate measures that will contribute to the target values of CO2 emission reduction. The paper analyzes the extent to which the public sector affects the total CO2 emissions in the entire city. For the public sector, emissions from the district heating system, public transport and public lighting were observed.

STRATEGY OF CONTROLLED RELEASE OF AGROCHEMICALS USING POLYMERIC MATERIALS

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Continuous increase agricultural production with the application of agrotechnical means it has negative consequences on the environment and man. Improper and uncontrolled use agrochemicals in agriculture is one of the basic factors that negatively affect the state of environmental quality. To avoid unnecessary pollution of land and crops during agricultural production and to apply plant protection from diseases and pests, as well as supplying plants with nutrients that are needed for growth and development, is necessary controlled application of agrochemicals. One way of controlled release of agrochemicals is the application of specific polymeric materials that use as carriers of the active substance. The biological and chemical properties of agrochemicals and their physicochemical interactions influence the choice of a suitable system for slow or controlled release. The polymers most commonly used to encapsulate agrochemicals are acrylamide-based gels. Other polymers used are polyethylene, natural rubber, polysaccharides and cellulose-based materials, copolymers of VC-acrylic acid esters and copolymers of cyclopentadiene with glyceryl esters of unsaturated fatty acid. Originally, materials based on synthetic polymers were used as carriers for the controlled release of agrochemicals. However, the long period of degradation of synthetic polymers has led researchers to turn to the development of biodegradable polymer composites for the controlled release of agrochemicals.

INNOVATION MANAGEMENT – A CASE STUDY: SIMPLIFY

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

In a world of increasing complexity and uncertainty, business models that are successful and creating value are on constant challenge to embrace continuous changes and disruptions. In such a climate, it is business necessity to find innovative ways for reallocating the resources and restructuring the competitive base. This re-invention should be seen as a deliberate series of transformations. Yet, it is quite tough to put in place a successful integrated design process that would enable such constant re-invention. The aim of this article is to propose a framework for implementing such transformation re-invention of the company by highlighting the importance innovation and human resources as its key enabler. Presented case study illustrates the use of a framework within the fast-moving consumer goods industry. The innovation framework specifically focuses on a holistic collaborative deployment environment, the roadmap for planning and deploying innovation all with aim to drive business transformation, as pointed through the case study.

INFLUENCE OF SALES PERSONNEL ON CUSTOMER BEHAVIOR

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The authors of this paper deal with the analysis of the impact of sales staff in the car showroom on potential customers and their behavior in the process of buying a car. In this research, the focus is on determining the extent to which the behavior of sales staff and their expertise influence the behavior of customers themselves when buying a Škoda car. How their behavior and expertise affect the behavior of potential customers when visiting a showroom, getting to know the performance of the car, test drive, choosing models and equipment and finally making a decision to buy a car. The aim of this paper is to examine how much influence the sales staff in the car showroom has on consumer behavior, as well as what factors have a decisive influence on customers on making the final decision. The research was conducted on the territory of Republika Srpska, and the survey was conducted by calling the buyers of Škoda cars by phone. The aim of this research is to show how much influence the sales staff of the car show has on the behavior of customers when buying a car. The entire research is based on the confirmation of the set hypotheses. The results obtained by this research confirm that sales staff has a very significant influence, often decisive, on customer behavior and making the final decision to buy a car.

POSITIONING OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA INVESTMENT – DEVELOPMENT BANK AND ITS IMPORTANCE FOR FINANCIAL AND REAL FLOWS IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The application of the concept of development banking represents a proactive approach to managing socio-economic priorities within national, subnational and supranational frameworks. Many of the today’s leading economies owe their development to these financial institutions and the efficiency they show in the allocation of capital resources towards projects with a development component. Thus, they have become an inevitable factor in the functioning of the financial systems as a whole. The Republic of Srpska Investment-Development Bank has been established by the Republic of Srpska, committing itself to institutional centralization and professionalization of “asset management at the level of the Republic of Srpska with the aim of providing support to development and investment projects.“ The bank started its financial operations in April 2008 and since then it has occupied a significant position in the domestic financial system. This paper aims at referring to the key determinants of the IRBRS’s activity following decades of experience, including an overview of the broader context in which the activity has taken place as well as the importance that the Bank has had for the financial and real flows in the Republic of Srpska. Following an argumentative and factbased discussion, in the concluding remarks we present some of our views on the future prospects of development banking, without limiting the applicability of the proposed measures primarily to domestic social and economic circumstances.

ANALYSIS OF THE CIE BANKING SECTOR USING LINEAR PANEL MODELS

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the CEE banking sector in the period from 2013 to 2019. The research was conducted on 13 countries in the observed region. The analyzed countries were divided into three groups during the research. The first group consists of countries that were among the first to join the European Union (Slovenia, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic and Hungary), the second group consists of countries that later joined the European Union (Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania), while the third group consists of countries that haven’t yet became equal members of the European Union and are negotiating to join it (Serbia, BiH, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania). Emphasis is placed on the most significant business performance, such as: the level of non-performing loans (NPLs), the level of capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and the level of profitability, which is measured through return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The aim of the research is to determine the general level of the most significant business performance, in order to see the mutual relationship and the degree of development of the banking sectors between the observed countries. The obtained data will be processed using linear panel models using the statistical program STATA. The statistical analysis will use the model with constant parameters (Pooled model), the model with individual effects fixed parameter (fixed-effects model) and Individual effects stochastic variable (random-effect model). The models will be tested using the Hausman and Breusch-Pagan tests.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS AND CORRELATION OF CREDIT AND DEPOSIT POTENTIAL OF BANKS OF THE WESTERN BALKANS

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The banking sector is the most important financial institution that plays a significant role in the development of each country's economy. Banks are the most important participants in the financial market, because they are in the function of stabilization and development of a national economy. The basic three modern concepts of bank management are related to management: assets and liabilities of the bank, risks in banks, clients of the bank. A special contribution refers to the comparative analysis of the level of assets, credit and deposit potential of the banking sector of the Western Balkan countries in the period from 2008 to 2018. These are countries in transition and still making significant efforts to join the EU and become equal members. Among others, there are Serbia (SRB), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BIH), Montenegro (MNE), Macedonia (MKD) and Albania (ALB). The countries of this part of Europe are facing slow economic activity, which is a consequence of the lack of production. The price of banking products is significantly higher than in the rest of Europe. Descriptive statistics and correlation will be applied to the obtained data using the statistical program SPSS, in order to determine the connection between the analyzed balance sheet items. The balance sheets will be compared with the level of GDP in all observed countries.

CONSTRUCTION OF MODELS FOR ANALYZING AND MANAGING OF COMPANY GROWTH FACTORS

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The purpose of the impact analysis of business factors is locating of separate influences as well as the effects measuring of certain factors, potentials and elements on the business success of the company. Only after identification of direction and the strength of each of the factors, company management can make decisions and take corrective measures to reduce negative effects and increase positive effect of separate impacts. This analysis should include all the effects of the influence on certain element of the business process. It also discovers the effects of activated and used potentials, and the impact of each group of the potentials. Depending on the needs of the system, the variants of the analysis aim to define the factors of primary importance for the observed system. According to the chosen analysis model, there are a different number of elements that will be analysed. The success in business requires the simultaneous use of several models of factor analysis, helping to the management making decisions for optimal decisions needed to manage the company. Modern business systems with large computer capacities, can identify factors with a dominant effect, and also those factors, whose impact in terms of simple data processing was assessed as low relevant. This means that no factor should be ignored if some potentials can be activated by the same. A large set of methods for analysing the impact of business success factors has been developed, making the management responsible for selection of appropriate method.

E-CUSTOMIZATION AND ELECTRONIC BANKING IN THE PANDEMIC OF THE COVID VIRUS 19

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The development of the Internet has caused numerous changes in the way modern man functions and has conditioned the creation of modern business media. Although the Internet is not a novelty, some of its segments have been expanding more in recent years. Hence, the concept of ecustomization appears, which, although harsh in its sonority, defines each of us not only as a customer in the 21st century, but also as an Internet user. E-customization was preceded by the development of e-banking as a segment of the everyday life of modern man. With easy payment methods and always available means of payment, ecommerce has developed. Although the last major financial crisis that hit the consumer society began in 2008, its consequences were felt ten years later. However, 2020 brings a new economic crisis of global proportions caused by the pandemic of the COVID 19 virus. The new crisis has significantly affected the change in the structure and manner of consumption and business of modern man. This paper aims to analyze the changing way of doing business of modern companies due to the new situation, as well as the role of electronic banking as a modern asset in the realization of business, putting the focus of the man of the 21st century as a consumer and provider.

VALIDITY OF TRILEMMA THEORY – PANEL ANALYSIS OF NEW EU MEMBER STATES

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

This paper examines the validity of the “trilemma" theory which implies the inability to achieve the stability of the exchange rate, an independent monetary policy and free flow of capital at a given time. The theory is examined on the example of nine new EU member states. Bearing in mind that financial integration is a feature of modern economic trends; our first assumption is defined in such a way that the choice of the exchange rate regime has an implication on the monetary policy. This hypothesis is tested using the linear functional form proposed by Aizenman et al. (2013). The obtained results confirm the validity of the theory in nine new EU members from 2000 to the present day.

THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL REPORTING FOR COMPANY MANAGEMENT IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINES

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The paper presents the importance and role of financial analysis in corporate governance, as well as the application and role of analysis of financial statements in the system of international business. This research presents how company management can use financial reporting and financial analysis information to stimulate but also control professional managers in running a company. Presentation of processed information to internal users who show the success of decision-making and the financial position of the company as a consequence of decision-making, accounting is done in the form of a balance sheet or financial report. This report, although created in accounting, is the responsibility of the company's management. The main theme of our investigation is how this financial reporting affects management as well as what is its role in making decisions concerning the business activities of the company. The desired results will be obtained by empirical analysis, on the basis of which an adequate conclusion can be defined in the end, i.e. the pre-set assumptions can be confirmed or possibly rejected.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS ON THE USE OF CREDIT DERIVATIVES IN SMALL CAPITAL MARKET

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Despite its widespread use, rating agency ratings, and high turnover, the market for credit derivatives is still considered new and insufficiently researched. In addition, the intensification of the 2008 financial crisis cannot be fully attributed to the use of credit derivatives, although they played a significant role in the spread of the crisis. Although the Capital Market Act provides for financial derivatives, credit derivatives have not yet been used in the capital markets of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this regard, serious authorities in the field of financial management advocate the use of credit derivatives for risk transferring because it can significantly reduce the number of losses in the event of a credit event. This possibility gained importance after the shock caused by the coronavirus pandemic. In this paper, we examine the hypothesis that there is significant room for innovation in the domestic capital market. We have shown that it is possible and desirable to introduce credit derivatives on the market, and we state the scope and limitations, but we also identify obstacles to the introduction of such innovations

PROPERTY RIGHTS OF СHAREHOLDERS

Dejan Kojic — 2020-12-28

In this paper the authors consider and study a current and important topic related to the property rights of shareholders such as: the right to a dividend, the right to pre-buy shares, the right to participate in the liquidation and bankruptcy divide, as well as the right to dispose of shares. The basic motive for the founding of a joint stock company and the ownership of its shares are exactly the property rights that the shareholder acquires, and especially the right to split the realized profit, i.e. the right to a dividend, and a significant part of the work is dedicated to this issue.

CAPITAL MARKET AS AN INSTITUTIONAL SPACE IN THE FINANCIAL MARKET

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The needs for long-term resources of economic entities can be met by generating their own accumulation or using the resources of other participants in reproduction. In the first case, it is about self-financing - investing retained earnings. In the second case, economic entities obtain capital by issuing debt or equity financial instruments to investors, owners of surplus capital, directly or through financial institutions. The transfer function, related to the use of long-term funds, is provided by the financial market segment - capital market. This market owes its name to the understanding that the funds that are returned to the investor in a longer period of time are capital, because they are used mainly for real investment, which provides an increase in income, ie an increase in social wealth in the long run. The aim of the research in this paper refers to the capital market, as one of the elements of the financial system, determined by financial instruments, as the material of financial transactions and financial institutions, as the main participants, ie. financial market transactions.

FRANCHISE AGREЕMENT

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The title of this contract comes from the English word franchise, which means a special right or privilege. It is believed to have originated in the Middle Ages, when they received a royal privilege notable personality. The first manifestations of this agreement have been developed in the U.S. in the late 19th century in the production of oil and its derivatives, and later in other areas of industrial production, as well as the hospitality and tourism. Much later franchise agreement appeared in most European countries. In our business practices and franchising agreements appeared quite long ago, but its importance has come to the fore in recent decades when our companies emerge as the recipient of franchising in the automotive and consumer industries, as well as the hospitality and tourism. In recent years, it seems that our attempt to become economic entities franchiser in foreign trade and especially the countries that have gone through intensive development, such as some countries of Africa and Asia.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE IMPACT OF THE VIRUS, COVID-19 ON THE AREA OF THE CITY OF EAST SARAJEVO

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Covid-19 is a virus that appeared at the beginning of the year in the world and only a few months after its discovery, it appeared in Bosnia and Herzegovina and then in East Sarajevo. The introduction of the state of emergency, the movement and monitoring of the number of patients, government measures and the demographic coverage of the sick and cured, as well as the economic situation, were monitored in the city of East Sarajevo in the period from the epidemic to June 8, 2020. As an under-researched virus that has caused consequences to the entire world economy and a great disagreement between countries implies questions such as: the consequences we have that could have been mitigated and were the measures implemented adequate? The subject of research interest in this paper is the analysis of the impact of the Corona virus on the health system, demographic analysis of patients and subjects, as well as the analysis of economic consequences within the city of East Sarajevo. The concept of the work is reflected in the measures of theGovernment of the Republika Srpska and their results and comparison with the countries of the region in the observed period. The aim of this paper is to present indicators of health and economic indicators of the obtained analyzes of statistical data. In this paper, the aim of the research is to observe the consequences of COVIDA-19 from the city of East Sarajevo in various social, health and economic aspects.

INFLUENCE OF REMITTANCES FROM ABROAD ON GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Attention in this article is focused on the economic effects of emigration on the home country, and especially on the effects of remittances from abroad, which represent the most significant positive economic effect. After reviewing the negative and positive economic effects of emigration, an overview of the basic characteristics of remittances is given. The aim of this paper is to determine whether remittances from abroad have a statistically significant impact on the movement of the value of GDP of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In this context, the amount of remittances arriving in B&Н, their share in GDP, structure by country of origin and the comparison of remittances from abroad with foreign direct investments were presented first, followed by the empirical part. In this part, the impact of remittances from abroad on the GDP of Bosnia and Herzegovina was examined using a multiple linear regression model with six explanatory variables.

FORCE MAJEURE AND CHANGE OF CIRCUMSTANCES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE – CONDITIONS FOR EXEMPTION FROM LIABILITY IN CASE OF BREACH OF CONTRACT

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The rapid technological development and the development of the global market continually contribute to the development of international trade as well as to the increasing the number of concluded international sales contracts. The conclusion of the sales contract always requires respecting the principle of "pacta sunt servanda", namely fulfilling the contract as it is written or as the parties have agreed. Furthermore, the international rules that regulate the sales contracts and the different national laws have incorporated provisions that exempt from liability the contracting parties when a breach of contract occurs as a result of certain circumstances that cannot be foreseen. The exemption from liability of the contracting party, that has not performed its obligations, can be seen through the institutes of "force majeure" and "change of circumstances". The definition and application of these institutes differ in various national systems, as well as in the international sources that regulate the rights and obligations of the sales contract. Therefore, the paper aims to make a distinction between "force majeure" and "change of circumstances" in international trade through the analysis of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UNIDROIT Principles), as one of the most significant sources of the sales contract in the international law and in Macedonian Law on Obligations as well.

THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT DECISIONS OF MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The paper is dedicated to the political environment and its influence on the foreign direct investment decisions of multinational companies. The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of the significance of the environmental factors in the host country, especially the political factors, on the foreign direct investment decisions of multinationals companies. It pays special attention to several main political factors that should be taken into consideration by multinational companies when deciding to invest in a certain host country, such as regional economic integration, government regulations, political risks, and corruption. The applied methodology consists of qualitative research techniques, such as analysis, comparative analyses, and syntheses. On the basis of the obtained results, the contribution of the paper is reflected in the determination of the relevant political factors that affect the investment decisions of multinational companies. These factors affect the economic activity in a certain host country as well as the activity of multinational companies operating within its borders. Therefore, multinational companies should be aware of the importance of the host country’s political environment in their foreign direct investment decision process.

THE CHRISTIAN ORTHODOX BANK – REALITY OR FICTION?

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

This paper's subject of research is the possibility of introducing new form of banking trade and innovative banking services and products. The changes in perception of the bank role within society and change in trading focus, from speculation and „betting“ to authentic needs of man and for the man, pulling out of the shadows the forgotten Christian thoughts on economics. The term Christian economics is not new, but Christian Orthodox banks do not exist in our financial system, not even as a term. The goal of this research is to prove that there is a possibility of founding Christian banks, that can successfully operate based on Islamic banks model. There is a functional, religiously regulated banking in Islam. This acknowledged model and experience of the Islamic bank are excellent starting point not only for setting the principles of work but also for defining banking products and services. The bank conceived in this manner, applies conventional and Islamic bank's positive practice and work experience, thus merging them into a unique shape characteristic of the Christian Orthodox faith. Since the operating of the bank does not depend on economic reality of a country, in this paper I have set some universal foundations on which a bank should lay, using general methods and techniques of scientific research. The conclusion is that the business model of the bank is a morally and ethically driven universal bank, with the role of an investor and trader, whose goal is not only profitable operating but an overall socio-economic progress of the society. This proactive, market-oriented bank, can operate in accordance with existing Law on banks and, as a qualitative alternative to conventional banks, with its partnership and risk-sharing model, can contrubute to further stability increase of the financial sector and at the same time increasing them efficiency and productivity of the real sector.

ACCOUNTING PLANNING IN THE FUCTIONING OF EFFECTIVE ENTERPRISE MANAGEMENT

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The conditions for successful business and business operations in general are accounting planning. The objective of accounting planning is to project estimates in regard to achieving the management control. The essence of accounting planning is reflected in the data that is the subject of accounting records. Together with bookkeeping, accounting planning is an activity of accounting monitoring of a business. Accounting planning is also the essence of a planning process that is more comprehensive and broader in business. Accounting planning through systematic functioning directs and includes planning of flows of profitability, liquidity, capital investments and financial structure and regular setting of plans: balance sheet or results plan, liquidity plan, capital investments and balance sheet plan ie. financial structures.

INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS OF MARITIME PORTS ADAPTATION TO GEOGRAPHICAL EXPANSION OF TERMINALS OPERATOR

Dejan Kojic — 2020-12-28

The emergence and rapid development of global container terminal operators (controlled by large multinational companies) have led to a significant increase in the terminal and transshipment industry. The subject of research in this paper is the interactive action of institutional factors from two perspectives: the first is related to the strategies of global expansion of terminal operators and the second to the influence of national and local institutional frameworks and political tradition, shows that all business changes related to the institutional reform of seaports, their terminals and global operators (which are directly related to the business of seaports) directly and indirectlydepend on broader institutional frameworks (formal and informal). The global expansion of portoperators is carried out by the usual strategies: the purchase of new terminals and mergers and acquisitions of existing capacities (facilities and equipment). The importance of seaports and the application of integrated logistics in them is constantly growing. Seaports must adapt to changes in the global maritime market by increasing the size of their infrastructural and superstructural capacities, constant technological and information improvement, cooperation with logistics providers and the integration of their logistics functions. Decision makers in ports, terminals and operators must adapt to changing circumstances. In these settings that take place over time, the institutional environment occupies a significant place. The main reform goal of ports, terminals and operators is to reduce transaction costs. Institutions harmonize standards and procedures of operational practice and structure relations between economic entities (partners), promote the efficiency of transactions between them, minimize distributive conflicts, conduct monitoring and define penalties for opportunistic behavior.

PERSPECTIVES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS TOURISM IN MONTENEGRO

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Sport and tourism have developed two interdependent socio-economic phenomena of modern society, which require constant renewal and accommodation to the increasingly discerning requirements of modern tourists. Previous experiences from all around the world, as well as acquired knowledge from the neighbouring countries, show that investments in sports and recreational tourism are smart and profitable investments. The goal of the research is to prove that the development of mass tourism in Montenegro had produced a unvaried offer, which could not provide a long-term successful presence of certain destination in the global tourism market. Having in mind numerous natural and social resources, sports tourism has a particular chance for successful development, especially since various national institutions and economic subjects within the tourism industry have realized that faster development of sports tourism and its adaptation to long-term applications in the international market of sports tourism can accelerate the economic development and growth of Montenegro to a significant extent. The new concept of tourism must be able to respond to an increasingly obvious fact that first of all the guest chooses a place for his vacation, a place to rest according to the offer outside of the boarding house facilities, and only then chooses the hotel where he will stay.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES AS BUSINESS SUPPORT TO THE SERVICE SECTOR IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The service sector in Republic of Srpska, whether we talk about state institutions or the private sector, has undergone significant changes in the past decade under the influence of modern technologies. Of course, the public sector, due to its organization and the nature of its functioning, is not as proactive as the private sector, which certainly does not mean that digital transformation will bypass state institutions. The aim of this paper is through a practical example of the service sector in the Republic of Srpska to show the importance of using information technologies and its role in employee productivity. In recent years, the authors of the paper have been the carrriers of the digitalization process of the service sector of the Republic of Srpska, and the paper is a systematization of knowledge and experiences from the public and private sector. We will explain the basic causes that lead to the unproductivity of certain parts of the service sector of the Republic of Srpska, and then present business models that can overcome the current problems. The significance of the paper is primarily reflected in the presentation of business process management models with the help of information technology that stakeholders could apply in their future work.

IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN INTERPRETATION OF THE CULTURAL PRODUCT

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

According to the results of previous researches, it is clear that there is a need for availability improvement and new of cultural products interpretations forms development in the city of Dubrovnik. The aim of the research was to define the state of availability of a cultural product and connect the same with the possibility of improving the placement and increasing the accessibility of cultural products, both based on the implementation of virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR). According to the results of secondary and primary researches, it is evident that the current situation is not satisfactory and that virtual and augmented reality provide new market opportunities. Museums in Dubrovnik, despite the great number of artifacts, are not at the level of educational museums, so in this regard, the implementation of digital technologies could help to change productoriented approach into a customer-oriented approach and make the cultural products more accessible and attractive for different market segments.

CULTURAL HERITAGE AND NEW CULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE FUNCTION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL AREA

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Sustainable community development in Dubrovnik has to be based on the diversification of the tourist product, as well as on the responsibility to allocate and use resources wisely and in a way that is not harmful for the local community and which enables the implementation of new cultural knowledge. The aim of this paper is to explore the attitudes of local stakeholders towards the possibility of new cultural products development, based on long-term benefits. It includes the threedimensional approach that incorporates economic, social and environmental concern. In order to explore the possibilities of new cultural products development, an empirical research was conducted using the method of semi-structured interview, included the sample of 48 respondents. The conducted empirical research has been part of the project "Skala - a new cultural and tourist destination in Komolac" which as an integrated development program, based on the restoration of cultural heritage. The content of the program thematically refers to the development of Komolac, the place located near Dubrovnik. According to the results of the research, it is evident that the stakeholders agree that there is a need for the new cultural products development, not only from the tourism development point of view, but also from local resident’s life quality improvement point of view.

IMPACT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ON THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Foreign direct investments represent a very important part of the economic growth of any economy, especially developing countries. They have several positive effects, such as reduction in unemployment, an increase in disposable income, an improvement in the country’s external financial position, and a more favorable credit rating. The paper points out the concept of the international capital movements, it presents the differences between portfolio and foreign direct investments and shows their positive and negative sides. A comparative analysis was performed by observing and comparing movement of foreign direct investments in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the period from 2004. to 2019. The initial hypothesis of the paper is the assumption that foreign direct investments have statistically significan impact on the economic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This has been proved by applying a multiple linear regression model in the empirical research part.

TENDENCIES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF BUSINESS TOURISM IN DESTINATION OPATIJA

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Business tourism has attracted huge attention all over the world and is certainly considered one of the new and invaluable segments in the large family of tourism. This specific form of tourism is, with minor oscillations, a constantly growing segment of the tourist offer and demand and is in a constant process of innovation, creative movements, but also the growth of supply of new destinations and new capacities. Research in the field of business tourism in the Republic of Croatia and thus in the city of Opatija has no significant precedent. Therefore, in this study, as the aim of this paper is to highlight the issue of business tourism in the city of Opatija, and explore and analyse tendencies of its current development. The starting point of the paper is the hypothesis: "Demand for business tourism exists almost all year round, but is most pronounced in the pre-season and postseason, so it makes it a key factor in extending the tourist business of the destination." This research allows getting to know strengths and weaknesses of the business-congress offer, and by the generalizing of data perspective was obtained on business tourism of the city of Opatija. The survey was conducted in the city of Opatija on a deliberately selected sample and several international conferences in 2019. The relevant statistical programs IBM SPSS Statistics 22 were used for analysis and presentation results.

LOGISTIC CHAINS IN PORT TRANSPORT

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Globalization and significant containerization growth have changed maritime transport and logistics chains, making ports an integral part of complex supply chains and serving as logistics hubs, adding value, connecting flows and influencing supply chain forms and processes.

The competitiveness of a port is determined by its own strengths such as efficient cargo handling and connection to the interior of the country, and its position and links in global supply chains.

Over the last two decades, ports have transformed their role from traditional regional gates to a place where value and logistical activities are realized. Ports have played and will continue to play a crucial role in the sustainability of logistics and supply chains. Of the many nodes in global supply chains, ports play a key role in enabling the continuous flow of goods between the so-called entities. supply chains.

Studying the traffic function of port systems from the aspect of logistics enables a comprehensive overview of the economic advantages that are offered and in which the port integrates all traffic forms of transport, satisfying the needs of users and the environment. In addition, by studying the uninterrupted flow of cargo on the way from the sender to the recipient, the interdisciplinary approach of the participants in its distribution creates a transport chain in which the port is one of the most important links in terms of distribution and logistics.

By researching the importance and position of the port system from the logistical aspect, the organization and success of cargo distribution in the port and hinterland can be directly influenced.

RESEARCH OF TOURIST MARKET EXAMPLE “MONTENEGRO” TOURIST BRAND DESTINATION

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Destination brand is the name, symbol, logo or other graphics which makes certain destination
recognized. Brand is also a promise of unforgettable and unique travel experience which is brought
in relation to that destination. It brings together all enjoyable moments of visiting certain destination.
Branding of tourist destination should be made in stages of strategic brand management whereas the first stage should be planning of identity and positioning of destination in a way to implement brand strategy and maintain brand value. Regardless of its development, tourist destination “Montenegro” still lacks proper research of tourist market and quality strategic management of marketing instruments and activities, especially in order to develop and improve its tourist brand and its specific, integrated tourist product. The brand consists of its value, recognition and guarantee of the expectations in relation to certain tourist destination. It is expected to add value to such a destination and cut the time-span for initial response.

MONITORING THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN'S HUMAN RIGHTS IN BIH

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The main intention of the work is to create an appropriate process for monitoring the human rights of children and a system for improving the perception of the problems faced by children in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in cases of violation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Although Bosnia and Herzegovina has made progress in the realization of children's rights in the last 25 years since the adoption of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, there are still serious and numerous problems, the ombudsmen said on the occasion of Children's Week, adding that children and their rights are not priority in BiH. However, children rarely turn to ombudsmen, which certainly indicates the fact that much more needs to be done to promote children's rights, ombudsmen institutions and empower, encourage children to take more active roles in their communities - school, family and the like.

CUSTOMS UNION IN COMPARATIVE PRACTICE

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

In the context of historical, economic and contemporary international legal sources, it is revealed that the elements covered by the concept of customs union differ. As a consequence of the conceptual diversity and legal flexibility of the laws of the World Trade Organization - WTO, in practice there is a great diversity of customs union designs - CU. Different CUs approach key design issues and tensions, from on the Preferential Trade Agreement - PTA negotiations to regulating the origin of goods, in different ways. Common to all conceptualizations around CUs is a concern about state sovereignty that affects how CUs are designed and how they operate. Such concerns usually lead to the formation of CUs that are not in line with the idea of a “perfect customs union”. Even if there is no perfect CU, poor performance occurs especially when the relationship between the internal and external aspects of the CU is not synchronized.

CIVIL PROTECTION AS A SEGMENT OF SECURITY IN LOCAL COMMUNITY

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

A man, individualy or as a part of society, in the past faced different dangers and threats to his personal safety and safety of his property. Until the mid of the 20th century the greatest danger to states, men, material and cultural assets was war. After the development of science, technique and biggertrafficing of goods and services, development of the whole society, the most often threats to man and normal functioning of the society are natural disasters like floods, mudslides, earthquakes, winds, fir etc. For this kind of safety threats to people and property, aside fromother subjects of security, civil protection takes central position. Its role is recognizable not only local or on state level but on international level as well. As a segment of security civil protection has always existed as mans follower and guarantor of survival but in different from and with different actions. This paper has a goal to point out significance and role of civil protection on all levels of organization and especially in the local community its organization and actions, and this paper will also show historical development and its connection to local government and civil defense. This paper will also point out the necesity for its existance locally, in regards to that level of organization of population, people exercise their rights and satisfy their basic needs.

INTERNATIONAL PRIMARY AND CRIMINOGENIC ASPECTS OF THE MIGRATORY CRISIS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Thousands of migrants from various Asian countries have been staying in Bosnia and Herzegovina for several years. Their movement to the desired destination stopped in Bosnia and Herzegovina due to the impossibility of entering the countries of the European Union. With their arrival, stay in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the migrant violates numerous international first movements of citizens in sovereign states, starting with illegal entry into the state, lack of valid documents, nonregistration of residence, etc. For a long time, the competent state authorities at the level of Bosnia and Herzegovina have failed to find a successful model for resolving the migrant crisis. They are mostly satisfied with "partial" solutions, shifting responsibility to each other, without the ultimate real desire and success to provide security to the citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the areas where migrants live. From the criminological aspect, the stay and behavior of migrants is especially problematic. Namely, there are numerous crimes committed by migrants, such as theft, aggravated theft, endangering safety, murder, bodily injury, etc. The paper will present the current period of international legal norms, as well as the degree of criminogenicity of residence and behavior of migrants in Bosnia and Herzegovina, especially in the Una-Sana Canton, where this problem is most pronounced.

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY CHOICE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOFTWARE SOLUTION IN A SPECIFIC AREA OF SERVICES OR INDUSTRY

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

In the modern software industry, which is in constant expansion, the problem of trust between different users of the software solution is becoming increasingly dominant. End users want to be completely sure that the product or service is fully compliant with their requirements and that the quality does not deviate from the selected or ordered product or service. Manufacturers or service providers, on the other hand, want to have complete information about the quality of raw materials or infrastructure they provide in order to create products and services, which should be provided by the appropriate supplier. All participants in the software solution (actors) as an imperative have the security of their own data that is stored, processed and exchanged within such software system. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of an innovative approach in the storage, processing and exchange of information using blockchain technology with a case study on the supply chain. There are different approaches and in the first step the corresponding ones will be compared: Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network / platform. After selecting the appropriate technology, the work will focus on examining the potential security solutions that blockchain technology provides for the needs of the use case. This means that it is first necessary to explain the specific concepts of blockchain technology, then make a use case model, describe it in detail and deepen it to an adequate extent, and finally test some hypotheses related to improving transparency, information integrity, maintaining network security, maintaining effective initiatives blockchainfor participation and defense against bad motivations of all actors within the system.

METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF DESIGNING, IMPLEMENTATION AND ADMINISTRATION IOT

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Following text represents all methodological phases through which a single project of implementing an IT system should be taken through. A theme specifically is describing all methodological phases with practical examples during design, implementation and maintenance of the Internet of Things (IoT) system. Author's own work was used called „Smart House“ which was implemented for a test project. It covers methodological phases of diagnostics, analysis, design, development, sending into production, use and maintenance of the IoT system.

CYBER ATTACK AND THREAT PROTECTION

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

This paper covers technologies needed for protection of an IT System. Cyber attacks are more frequent then ever and lots of attention should be given to protection from these attacks. This paper covers basis of protecting an IT system and data. In today's business a competitiveness is maintained mainly by high quality back-office processes and large automatization of those processes. For automatization of business processes an IT system is mandatory.

EFFICIENCY OF SODIUM DODECYL BENZEN SULFONATE IN REMOVAL OF PB(II) IONS TROUGH BULK LIQUID MEMBRANE SYSTEMS

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

In this paper, the influence of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) on the efficiency of Pb(II) ions removal through a bulk liquid membrane system, were investigated. Different organic solvents were used as liquid membranes: dichloromethane and chloroform. Macrocyclic ligands: 18 crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6, dicyclohexano-18-crown-6, and benzo-18-crown-6 dissolved in organic solvents were used as carriers for Pb(II) ions. Metal ions concentration in aqueous phases was monitored by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, after 3 hours of membrane transport. The results showed that the presence of the anionic surfactant SDBS in the receiving phase reduces the content of Pb(II) ions in the source phase and increases the transport rate removed Pb(II) ions to the receiving phase. Among the applied solvents, the highest efficiency in the role of liquid membrane showed dichloromethane, for all applied macrocyclic ligands. From the aspect of the used macrocycle, the addition of an anionic surfactant in the receiving phase with dichloromethane reflected in an increased amount of removed Pb(II) ions from the source phase, following the order: 18C6>B18C6>DCH18C6>DB18C6. Chloroform as a liquid membrane reflected also in an increased amount of removed Pb(II) ions from the source phase, following the order: 18C6>DB18C6>DCH18C6>B18C6. 18-crown-6 (18C6) compared to other ligands proved tobe a selective and efficient carrier for the transport of Pb(II) ions via BLM, removing 71% of transported Pb (II) ions from the source phase through dichloromethane while chloroform slightly lower transport rate (63.4%) was achieved for the same used macrocycle.

APPLICATION OF THE DECISION TREE TECHNIQUE IN THE ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The aim of the research is to examine the possibility of applying Weka software in the process of analysing traffic accidents that occurred in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. During the analysis, the J48 algorithm of the decision tree technique was applied. The database of traffic accidents from 2019, in which a total of 35,956 accidents were recorded, was taken over from the portal of open resources. The analysis of the same in Weka software, and the application of the mentioned algorithm, it came to the results, which showed that a large number of instances of the downloaded database were incorrectly classified. The reason for this is the inadequately standardized database model used in the research. In conclusion, the dominant thesis is that, in order to obtain useful information from databases, they need to have a clear and logical structure, as well as standardized elements for entering the value of attributes.

PARTIAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN SPECIFICATION OF SEGMENTAL ROBOT GRIPPER EFFECTOR BY HIGH-FEED MILLING

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Elimination of production times is a broad-spectrum issue that is addressed by every manufacturing company, not excluding the engineering industry. Continuously increasing demands on the safety of manufacturing processes and production accuracy can be achieved only by achieving the complexity of the machine - tool-workpiece - jig system. One of the parameters of the system complexity, which ensures precise and fast machining is the jig which forms an irreplaceable part of the production process. The presented article describes the partial analysis and design specification of segmental robot gripper effector using advanced technologies. Introduction part of this article describes theoretical approaches of issue and state of the art. Material and Methods provides the creation of a design solution with basic parameters specification. The main part of this article presents a description of the analysis and design specification of segmental robot gripper effector, which is produced by high feed milling technology with a final summary of the obtained results.

This research was supported by grant KEGA 025TUKE-4/2018.

CREATION OF COMPREHENSIVE SPECIFICATION OF SPECIAL CNC MACHINE DESIGN SOLUTION

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The conventional CNC machines are based on known design solutions in which the main production material is steel. At present, the field of material engineering has a wide range of new materials which raises the question of whether these materials can be used as a design element for CNC machines. At the same time, it is necessary to aware that it is required to develop special construction procedures for these materials. This paper focuses on the creation of comprehensive specifications of special CNC machine design solutions. The introduction part of the article provides a theoretical level of issue general knowledge and subsequently in the next part is described the specifications of design solutions of special CNC machines with a practical example of a selected example. The conclusion of the article is devoted to a comprehensive summary of the issues.

This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-15-0700.

WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITES: TECHNOLOGIES

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Current trends in the field of ecology encourage manufacturers to create materials that are environmentally acceptable, but also customer have requirements on the properties of the applied materials and their durability. In the fact of this reason, in some branches of industry (flour / automotive / construction) are created “Green materials”, created by combining a plastic matrix (mostly PP, PE, PVC) and natural fibers. One of these materials are the Wood Plastic Composites (WPC) materials – wood-filled plastics (as an alternative solution). The WPC components (matrix + reinforcement + additives) are mixed under the influence of hight temperature into a mixture followed by a forming step. Forming technologies suitable for WPC products include extrusion, injection molding and calendring. The presented paper is focused on the possibilities of WPC profilenforming technologies.

This research was supported by grant KEGA 030TUKE-4/2018.

EVENT SPACE IN WHICH WE PLACE AN INCLUSIVE SPECTACLE

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Art and engaging in inclusive art is the starting point for articulating "our" personal emptiness, because we live in a time of individualism, existentialism and capitalism. We see our own inner existential emptiness in space as the biggest social problem of all individual's existential emptiness. The individual in modern society has an existential void which is being filled by art. The event as a central theme, shown through two levels. The first level of events is to be like me, as it was created on the level of the body and it makes sense to change from both discourses in order to enchant with a world that has been fundamentally changed and which makes a kind of event. The second level is the inclusive level (I put the subject in the intellectual role of an inclusive being), an event that eludes us all the time. The event is the center. An event that has been displaced from physical space and is located in two other places at the same time. It takes place in the virtual world as the starting point of its creation (vectors and pixels) and in the inner world of actors and audiences as the bearer and receiver of events. We are influenced by the change of discourse from one system of meaning to another. The changes of dominant values, that occur in the 21st century, are being widely accepted under the influence of networking and technology. I came to the conclusion that, as an artist, I created an event with all my previous experience of the world and art, and under the influence, a mixture of media production. Observers, as the ultimate bearers of the event, are confronted with an artifact that is a product of the dispositive. This paper is a kind of critique of global networking and current events. Are we always trying to see what is happening? Events are more complex than what they present to us. In this work, I am creating a kind of a shelter, a "house of pixels", as a display of an inclusive type of cultural spectacle. We (civilization) have kept a man alive in swimming, that actively creates electricity, which is now moving opposite to the starting point, but he is still floating on that water. When we identify the word culture with nature here, we come to the conclusion that there is a discontinuity between us and the environment, between us (subjects) and living nature. Instead of the word nature, today we use the words: network, internet, new technologies, platforms, 3D print. By creating a kind of enclave, we try to save ourselves from the current event, which we can interpret only by observing and actively participating in it, and thus helping others see the picture of the world through their own interpretations of the actualization of events.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE FAMILY ON THE LEVEL OF STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

Social changes at the global level, changes in the economic system, the changed structure of the need for professional staff, as well as the process of forming the European educational space, inevitably bring with them changes in the structure of the educational system of our country. Since the demands in the field of educational qualifications are increasing almost every day in modern society, there is pressure on the individual to achieve the highest possible level of education in order to acquire a certain (more favorable) social position. However, the condition for that must be equal educational opportunities, which in no case must be only formal, but it is necessary to create a positive climate in which socio-economic factors that can lead to unequal educational outcomes are identified and removed. The aim of this paper was to determine whether the socio-economic status of a student's family has an impact on the quality of their studies and the level of achievement, and if so, to what extent it is represented. On that occasion, the obtained results showed that the socioeconomic status of the student's family has a relevant impact on the level of their academic achievements, to a large extent.

THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF SOCIAL CONFLICTS IN THE MODERN PARADIGM

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

This paper is the result of an effort to study the most significant conflict theories and identify the most significant areas of conflict potential. There are a large number of conflicting theories in sociology that differ from each other, but all agree on that there are groups in society that have different interests. It is the existence of different interests that represent the conflict potential that raises the probability of conflict to the high level. Hence the certainty that different groups that follow their different interests will lead to conflict, thus creating a certain degree of instability in society. This research will also show the fact that the existence of groups with different interests does not necessarily lead to conflict.

A PROCESS-ORIENTED MODEL OF LEARNING MOTIVATION IN A HIGH APPLIED STUDIES L2 CLASSROOM

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The question of how to motivate students in ESP teaching is one that does not have a single and simple answer because motivation is an extremely broad and complex construct. This paper relies on Zoltan Dörnyei’s definition of motivational strategies and his process-oriented model of learning motivation in the L2 classroom. It presents the results of a survey aimed at obtaining classroom data on motivational strategies: 111 students of the Academy of Applied Studies Šabac who had all studied and passed English (L2) as an obligatory first-year subject were asked how important they considered a selection of motivational strategies and to what extent they found the application of these strategies effective in creating, generating, maintaining and protecting their motivation for learning L2. Based on their responses, I try to identify the strategies that work best in the described learning/teaching environment and to single out strategies, if any, that tend to be underutilized in the L2 classroom. In addition, I identify whether the motivation orientation that drives the students’ actions is integrative or instrumental.

UNRELIABLE NARRATOR IN VLADIMIR NABOKOV’S NOVEL ADA OR WHY DOES IVAN VAN VIN TELL HIS STORY?

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the role of unreliable narrator in Vladmir Nabokov’s novel Ada, as well as motivation igniting the story, worlds and realities that Van creates in his multilayered storytelling. It tries to see beyond what Veen claims his motifs are and discover what great need gives birth to Veen’s timeless story. The main focus is placed on the story itself narrated/dreamt/made up by Ivan Van Veen in the work which is “ninety seven percent real and three percent possible” as well as on the path the story undergoes from an ode to a great love to an apology of the very same love and finally to a vindication.

DAYDREAMING IN THE FUNCTION OF SELF-DECEPTION IN ISHIGURO'S NOVEL THE REMAINS OF THE DAY

Dejan Kojic — 2026-01-10

We live in a world of great expectations and therefore, it is inevitable that the modern man is faced with problems such as fear of change, re-examination and finding excuses. On the other hand, the best way to escape from the reality is to let oneself indulge in another dimension in which everything can be corrected and beautified, and that dimension is daydreaming. All of these are some of the motifs we find in Ishiguro's novel The Remains of the Day, but there is one leitmotif that pervades and unifies all the other motifs, and that is (self-)deception. Stevens, as the main character of the novel and the narrator in the first person singular, has his goal, and that is to justify his actions to both the readers and himself, and the goal of this paper is to establish the extent to which he succeeded in doing so. We will perform the analysis from the narratological aspect, within which we will refer to Genette's narrative theory. In addition, we will refer to Barthes's notion of a narrative contract that will shed light on the position of the reader in the novel Remains of the Day.