СВАРОГ

THE INFLUENCE OFMODERN FORMS OF LEARNING ON THE EMOTIONAL CLIMATE IN THE LEARNING PROCESS

Asim Praskić — 2025-09-17

Modern forms of learning encourage an active attitude of students towards learning and the knowledge they need to acquire. These forms prepare students for the future and help them navigate the modern society and changes brought about by the 21st century.With the development and modernization of technology, changes also occur in education. Teaching, as the most organized form of education, must keep pace with the time. In modern teaching, there is a greater emphasis on the student and their activity. The teacher must first engage the student in productive work and then develop their motivation for learning. The theoretical part of this paper explores and explains traditional and modern forms of learning. The research part aims to identify students’ subjective attitudes towards the application of new forms of learning.

TRGOVSKAGORA- HISTORYAND STATUS OF SITE SELECTION FOR RADIOACTIVEWASTE STORAGE

Jelena Zgonjanin — 2025-09-17

Due to the need for secure and adequate storage/disposal of low and intermediate- level radioactive waste (LILRAW) from the Krško Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP) in Slovenia, a micro-location in Trgovska Gora, barracks Čerkezovac, has been selected. The complex designated for waste storage/disposal occupies an area of 60 hectares and is situated southwest, approximately 3 km in a straight line from the Municipality of Dvor, while being only about 600 meters away from the state border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, coinciding with the flow of the Una River. This paper provides an overview of the history and status of this process.Analyticalmethods of studying relevant documentation were used in the research, including analysis of strategic documents, state reports, scientific-expert elaborates and works, as well as reactions of the interested public.Data were collected fromvarious sources to assess the situation and drawobjective relevant conclusions. The results indicate that previous strategic environmental impact assessments have superficially addressed a series of impacts and incidents representing real risks of leakage of radioactive materials into the environment. When it comes to radioactive waste management, it is imperative to assess the risk of all possible incidents, disasters, and negative scenarios in their worst possible scenarios, as it involves a long- lasting and potentially highly dangerous form of pollution located in close proximity to the interstate border, Nature Park, and Una National Park.

CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR IN TOURISM, NEEDS AND PLEASURES

Saša Čekrlija — 2025-09-17

This paper addresses the needs and consumer behavior in the segment of city break tourism, particularly among the younger generation, which is becoming an increasingly significant user of this type of tourism. The paper examines howthe needs and satisfaction of young travelers influence their decision-making processes when choosing urban destinations and planning travel details. By conducting surveys and working with focus groups, the research in the areas of Budva and Kotor investigates the factors driving the behavior of younger consumers in this context, including the attractiveness of the destination, cultural experiences, the influence of socialmedia, and peer recommendations. The research results highlight the importance of understanding the unique preferences and motivations of young travelers who opt for short city breaks, as well as the role of technology and social interactions in shaping their travel experiences. This insight is crucial for urban destinations and hospitality providers who wish to attract and satisfy this growing segment of the tourism market.

EUROPEAN MONETARY POLICY

Ivana Wendling — 2025-09-17

This paper analyses the impact of the monetary policy of the European Union (EU) focusing on key instruments and strategies, and the challenges that the monetary policy of the EU faces, including the divergent economic performance of the member states, the lack of a fiscal union and the impact of global economic events. Through a theoretical review, the efficiency of the current policies is considered, as well as perspectives for future development, including the possibility of improving the coordination of monetary policy within the EU and its relationship with other global economic players. This paper also analyses the EU’s aspiration towards the creation of a common market and the introduction of a common currency – the euro – as a central pillar of economic integration. The impact of the single currency on price stability, competitiveness and trade flows within the EU is also studied, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the Eurozone, especially in the light of recent economic crises. Finally, analysing the theoretical and practical experiences so far, the perspectives for the future of the European monetary policy and possible reforms aimed at strengthening the economic integration and stability of the Eurozone are considered.

THE HIGH REPRESENTATIVEAND THE CONSTITUTIONAL CRISIS IN BOSNIAAND HERZEGOVINA

Slaven Knežević — 2025-09-17

This scientific paper analyzes the constitutional crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a particular focus on the role of the High Representative in the criminalization of constitutional duties. The paper explores howthe interventions of the High Representative, which often include the imposition or annulment of laws and decisions, impact the constitutional order and sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Special attention is given to analyzing cases where the decisions of the High Representative have led to violations of constitutional rights and freedoms and how such interventions contribute to deepening political and ethnic tensions within the country. The paper also examines the international legal framework regulating the powers of the High Representative and his influence on the domestic legal system. Through the analysis of specific examples, the paper highlights the need for a revision of the role of the High Representative and seeks solutions that would enable greater domestic responsibility and respect for the constitutional order ofBosnia andHerzegovina.Additionally, the paper addresses howthe criminalization of constitutional duties by the High Representative affects the legitimacy and efficiency of political institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It analyzes how such interventions can undermine citizens’ trust in the legal system and democratic processes. Possible mechanisms for strengthening transparency and accountability in the work of the High Representative are also considered, ensuring that his decisions contribute to stability and reconciliation, rather than further deepening the crisis. Alternatives to the current model of international oversight are proposed, which would allow for greater autonomy and democratic development of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the importance of establishing a clearer legal framework that would first limit the powers of the High Representative and ensure respect for the constitutional order and sovereignty of the country, and then abolish this undemocratic legacy.

STUDENTS’ ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBILITIES AND ORGANISATION OF ONLINE TEACHING

Asim Praskić — 2025-09-17

The development of information and communication technologies brings numerous changes to everyday life, including learning and teaching. We live in a time when it is impossible to imagine performing certain activities without the use ofmodern technology and devices. The development of technology has also impacted the education system implemented in schools. Technology is a part of the process of modern education, with online teaching being an important segment. Online teaching is increasingly being implemented alongside traditional teaching methods or is completely replacing them. Therefore, it is important to examine the possibilities of implementing online teaching in our context. Through the use of modern technology, teaching becomes dynamic, and students become more active and motivated. This paper explores the assessment of the possibilities and organization of online teaching from the perspective of students. In cases where regular teaching cannot be carried out or as a supplement to regular teaching, there is a need for online teaching. The primary objective of this paper is to identify the possibility of implementing online teaching. The paper highlights that integrating new technologies into all aspects of the educational process contributes to more efficient education. We believe that the results obtained will greatly assist in organizing online teaching. Research results show that students are familiar with the terms of online teaching, and with the possession of digital devices, it is possible to implement online teaching synchronously, asynchronously, or through hybrid learning. The significance of feedback from teachers on homework assignments is of great importance in the teaching process, both in traditional and online learning. Through research, we have confirmed that with proper organization and engagement of all participants in the teaching process, online teaching can be equally effective as traditional classroom teaching. There is no preference among students for traditional teaching or online teaching; students would prefer certain content to be taught traditionally in the classroom and certain content via online platforms.

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PRACTICES IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE AND ANGLO-SAXON COUNTRIES:ACOMPARATIVE STUDY

Ružica Đervida — 2025-09-17

The advent of globalization in trade has marked the beginning of an era characterized by the application of adaptable trade regulations and the extensive use of production capacities on a global level. In the realm of corporate practice, both internal and external controls are essential as they shape the landscape of corporate governance. The aim of this theoretical research paper is to analyze corporate governance by investigating how laws and regulations enforce control over corporations on a comparative global level between Anglo-Saxon and Continental European countries in the context of corporate governance. This study provides fundamental insights through a comprehensive analysis of both corporate governance models, utilizing research focused on this area to highlight the complex differences rooted in contextual nuances and systemic variations. From leadership and employee engagement to legal frameworks, standards, and the dynamism of competition, the analysis illuminates the multiple relationships between corporate governance practices and contextual foundations. Further exploration in this study extends to considering the impact of organizational challenges, failures, and the formulation of Corporate Governance Codes (CGCs) as regulatory frameworks aimed at enhancing transparency and accountability. By examining legal differences and convergence trends amongAnglo-Saxon countries and Continental European ones,within EUmember states, along with the complex regulations adopted following the dissolution of the communist bloc in Eastern Europe, the research adds layers of complexity to the dynamics of contemporary corporate governance. This ongoing debate underscores the imperative for continuous scholarly research, highlighting the necessity of an evolving landscape of corporate practices and their complex implications.

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF THE INTRODUCTION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ISO 14001 STANDARD IN THE MEAT INDUSTRY EXPRESSED THROUGH THE CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN WASTE WATER

Faris Muminović — 2025-09-17

The nitrogen compounds that were the subject of research are as follows: nitrate nitrogen (NO -N), ammonia nitrogen (NH -N) and total nitrogen (N). The values of the 3 4 mentioned parameters weremonitored before the introduction and implementation of the ISO14001 standard (period January-June) and after the introduction and implementation (period July-December). The values of nitrate nitrogen (NO -N), ammonia nitrogen (NH -N) and total nitrogen (N) are expressed in mg/l (their minimum and maximum values) with the associated limit values. Also, the average values of concentrations of nitrogenous compounds (Me, mg/l) with standard deviations (SD, mg/l) and errors of average assessment (SE, mg/l) were recorded. The daily load of wastewater with total nitrogen per day, as well as the equivalent of harm from total nitrogen expressed in the equivalent number of inhabitants, were the subject of calculations. Before the aforementioned calculations, the calculation of deviations from the limit values was started. The obtained results of the evaluation of the equivalent of harm were processed with a t-test (comparison before and after the introduction and implementation of the ISO 14001 standard). The daily load of wastewater with ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen was calculated taking into account the average values of the concentrations of thementioned compounds and the daily flow, and before that, the calculation of deviations fromthe limit values was started. The T-test was used to compare the harmfulness of the mentioned compounds before and after the introduction and implementation of the ISO 14001 standard. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the average values of the median daily load of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen. The hypotheses were also tested: the distribution of the daily load of wastewater with ammonia nitrogen is the same before and after the introduction of the ISO 14001 standard, and the distribution of the daily load of wastewater with nitrate nitrogen is the same before and after the introduction of the ISO 14001 standard.

DIVIDEND POLICYAS AN INTEGRAL PART OF FINANCIALMANAGEMENT IN THE JOINT- STOCK COMPANYMTELA.D. BANJALUKA

Marko Milić — 2025-09-17

Dividend policy is an integral part of the company’s financing decisions. The dividend policy represents the company’s position on determining the amount and method of paying out dividends to shareholders, as well as defining the degree of dividend stability. The essence of the dividend policy of a corporate company refers to the distribution of net profit to dividends and accumulated profit. Shareholders expect to be paid out a dividend, that is, a part of the annual profit of the joint-stock company, which they receive in proportion to their participation in the capital. Shareholders have the right to a dividend, unless the decision of a shareholders assembly, in accordance with the law and other regulations, determines that the profit will remain undistributed and be transferred to the next period, in which case the undistributed profit is recorded according to the accounting regulations. Companies adopt the dividend policy that currently best suits their life cycle stage. Dividend policies differ from country to country, from the tax system, company control, etc. The number of companies that regularly pay out dividends on the financial market of Bosnia and Herzegovina is small, in proportion to the number of joint-stock companies. The company that has been paying out dividends since 2003, year after year, is the joint-stock company Mtel a.d. Banja Luka. It is evident that the management of the company, through a strategically guided business policy, makes quality decisions and provides shareholders security for two decades, through the one hundred percent payout of dividends.