ENVIRONMENT AND MATERIALS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Abstract

According to Ember (2024), over 40% of global electricity was generated from clean sources, with solar power as the fastest growing and most significant new energy contributor. This paper explores the link between the materials used in solar power systems and their environmental impact, within the framework of the Green Agenda for the Western Balkans 2050.
Through a life cycle analysis of photovoltaic (PV) systems, key materials (silicon, glass, aluminum, copper, lithium, polymers) are assessed for their recyclability and ecological impact, compared to fossil fuel sources. Special focus is placed on the environmental advantages of decentralized solar systems - such as air quality preservation, transmission efficiency, and reduced land degradation- relative to conventional infrastructure.
The paper emphasizes the role of circular economy principles in managing solar panel waste, advocating for robust take-back and recycling programs. When properly designed and located outside sensitive habitats, solar energy is arguably the most sustainable form of electricity production in the 21st century.
The conclusion highlights the importance of sustainable material use in achieving energy and climate goals, urging Western Balkan countries to accelerate the adoption of renewable energy technologies and align with EU environmental policies.