AFM TESTING OF NANOSTRUCTURE OF RESILIENCE ORTHODONTIC BONDING SOLUTIONS ORTHODONTIC ADHESIVE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7251/COMEN1601051MAbstract
Nanostructure of Resilience Orthodontic bonding solutions, an orthodontic adhesive that is mostly used nowadays in the orthodontic practice, is analyzed in the paper. After determining the adhesive properties, a correlation was established between the nanostructure of tested adhesive and the tooth bracket bond strength. Based on AFM images of the analyzed adhesive, by way of correlations of arithmetic means of debonding force (I) and average adhesive roughnesses (Ra, Rq, Rzijs, Rz) we come to a conclusion that by increasing the average adhesive roughnesses, increases the debonding force too (I). After that we compared the obtained results with the other adhesives that are also most commonly used. It was observed that with all the roughness parameters (Ra, Rz, Rzijs and Rq) the strongest bond was achieved with Resilience Orthodontic bonding solutions, followed by Heliosit, Orthodontic (Ivoclar, Vivadent), GC Fuji Ortho LC, while the weakest bond was with ConTec LC − Dentarum. Higher roughness of Resilience Orthodontic bonding solutions at the nano level is most probably due to a bigger number of thorns which penetrate into micro cavities developed under the action of acids. Higher roughness is a consequence of the chemical structure itself of the composite material.
References
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A Nanci, Ten Cate's Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function, Mosby 2004.
M. H. Ross, Kaye, W. Pawlina, Histology: a text and atlas, 5th edition, Philadelphia, London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006.
J. Vojinović et al., Biologija zuba, Naučna knjiga, Beograd 1990.
J. P. Simoner and J. C. Hu, Dental enamel formation and its impact on clinical dentistry, J Dent Educ., Vol. 65 (2001) 896‒905.
M. M. Ash, S. J. Nelson, Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion, 8th edition, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders 2003.
R. C. Melfi, K. E. Alley, Permar's oral embryology and microscopic anatomy: a textbook for students in dental hygiene, Williams & Wilkins 1996.
M. Goldberg, P. R. Garant, S. Takuma, Cell Biology of Tooth Enamel Formation, Karger 1990.
D. R. Beech, T. Jalaly, Bonding of polymers to enamel: Influence of deposits formed during etching, etching time and period of water immersion, J Dent Res., Vol. 59 (1980) 1156‒1162.
M. J. Shinchi, K. Soma, N. Nakabayashi, The effect of phosphoric acid concentration on resin tag length and bond strength of a photo‒ cured resin to acid‒ etched enamel, Dent Mater., Vol. 16 (2000) 324‒329.
B. Van Meerbeek, J. De Munck,
Y. Yoshida, S. Inoue, M. Vargas, P. Vijay, et al., Buonocore memorial lecture. Adhesion to enamel and dentin: Current status and future challenges, Oper Dent., Vol. 28 (2003) 215‒235.
N. Nakabayashi, D. H. Pashley, Chapter III. Acid Conditioning and Hybridization of Substrates. Hybridization of Dental Hard Tissues, Tokyo: Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd. 1998, 37‒39.
M. Hannig, H. Bock, B. Bott, W. Hoth‒ Hannig, Inter‒ crystallite nanoretention of self‒ etching adhesives at enamel imaged by transmission electron microscopy, Eur J Oral Sci., Vol. 110 (2002) 464‒470.
L. R. Legler, D. H. Retief, E. L. Bradley, F. R. Denys, P. L. Sadowsky, Effects of phosphoric acid concentration and etch duration on the shear bond strength of an orthodontic bonding resin to enamel. An in vitro study, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 96 (1989) 485‒492.
W. W. Barkmeier, A. J. Gwinnett, S. E. Shaffer, Effects of reduced acid concentration and etching time on bond strength and enamel morphology, J Clin Orthod., Vol. 21 (1987) 395‒398.
B. B. Cerci, L. S. Roman, O. Guariza‒ Filho, E. S. Camargo, O. M. Tanaka, Dental enamel roughness with different acid etching times: Atomic force microscopy study, Eur J Gen Dent., Vol. 1 (2012) 187‒191.
K. A. Galil, G. Z. Wright, Acid etching patterns on buccal surfaces of permanent teeth, Pediatr Dent., Vol. 1 (1979) 230‒234.
M. F. Goes, et al., Morphological Effect of the Type, Concentration and Etching Time of Acid Solutions on Enamel and Dentin Surfaces, Braz Dent J., Vol. 9−1 (1998) 3‒ 10.
A. J. Gwinnett, A. Matsui, A study of enamel adhesives. The physical relationship between enamel and adhesive, Arch Oral Biol. Vol. 12 (1967) 1615‒1620.
A. Gardner, R. Hobson, Variations in acid‒ etch patterns with different acids and etch times, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 120 (2001) 64‒67.
B. B. Cerci, L. S. Roman, O. Guariza‒ Filho, E. S. Camargo, O. M. Tanaka, Dental enamel roughness with different acid etching times: Atomic force microscopy study, European Journal of General Dentistry, Vol. 1 (2012) 187‒191.
Đ. Mirjanić, V. Mirjanić, J. Vojinović, Uticaj agresivnog napitka na nanostrukturu gleđi zuba, Zbornik radova „Savremeni materijali“, Banja Luka 2014, 575‒585.
Đ. Mirjanić, V. Mirjanić, J. Vojinović, AFM analiza nanostrukture gleđi nakon djelovanja agresivnog napitka, Zbornik radova „Savremeni materijali“, Banja Luka 2015, 603‒617.
J. Fricker, A 12‒month clinical evalua-tion of a light activated glass ionomer cement for the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets, Am J. Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 105 (1994) 502‒505.
J. D. Eick, L. N. Johnson, J. R. Fromer, R. J. Good, A. W. Neumann, Surface topography: Its influence on wetting and adhesion in a dental adhesive system. J Dent Res., Vol. 51 (1972) 780‒788.
E. B. L. Casas, F. S. Bastos, G. C. D. Godoy, V. T. L. Buono, Enamel wear and surface roughness characterization using 3D profilometry, Tribol Int., Vol. 41 (2008) 1232‒1236.
S. Sharma, S. E. Cross, C. Hsueh, R. P. Wali, A. Z. Stieg, J. K. Gimzewski, Nanocharacterization in Dentistry, Int J Mol Sci., Vol. 11 (2010) 2523‒2545.
A. Méndez‒Vilas, J. M. Bruque, M. L. González‒Martín, Sensitivity of surface roughness parameters to changes in the density of scanning points in multi‒ scale AFM studies, Application to a biomaterial surface. Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 107 (2007) 617‒625.
A. P. Guerrero, O. F. Guariza, O. Tanaka, E. S. Camargo, S. Viera Evaluation of fric¬tional forces between ceramic brac¬kets and archwires of different alloys com¬pared with metal brackets, Brazili¬an Oral Research, Vol. 24−1 (2010) 40−45.
R. L. Leenen, A. M. Kuijpers‒Jagtman, B. A. Jagtman, C. Katsaros, Nickel allergy and orthodontics. Afdeling Or¬tho-dontie en Orale Biologie, Univer¬sitair Medisch Centrum St Radboud, Nijm¬eg¬en. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. Vol. 116−4 (2009) 171‒180.
M. C. G. Pan¬tuzo, E. G. Zenóbio, H. A. Marigo, M. A. F. Zenóbio, Hypersensiti¬vity to conventional and to nickel‒ free ortho¬dontic brackets, Brazilian Oral Re¬¬search, Vol. 21−4 (2007).
U. K. Gursoy, O. Sokucu, V. J. Uitto, A. Aydin, S. Demirer, H. Toker, O. Erdem, A. Sayal, The role of nickel accumulation and epithelial cell proliferation in orthodontic treatment‒ in¬duced gingival overgrowth, European Journal of Orthodontics, Vol. 29−6 (2007) 555‒558.
R. Fors, M. Per¬sson, Nickel in dental plaque and saliva in patients with and without orthodontic appliances, The European Journal of Orthodontics, Vol. 28−3 (2006) 292‒ 297.
R. J. S. Vilchis, S. Yamamoto, N. Kitai, K. Yamamoto, Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with different self‒ etching adhesives, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 135 (2009) 425‒430.
S. Bishara, A. W. Otsby, R. Ajlouni,
J. Laffoon, J. J. Warren, A new premixed self‒ etch adhesive for bonding orthodontic brackets, Angle Orthod., Vol. 78−6 (2008) 1101−1104.
I. Shammaa, P. Ngan, H. Kim, E. Kao, M. Gladwin, E. Gunel, C. Brown, Comparison of bracket debonding force between two conventional resin adhesives and a resin‒ reinforced glass ionomer cement: An in vitro and in vivo study, The Angle Orthodontist., Vol. 69−5 (1999) 463−469.
E. Marković, B. Glišić, I. Šćepan,
D. Marković, V. Jokanović, Bond strength of orthodontic adhesives, Journal of Metallurgy, Vol. 14−2 (2009) 73−88.
L. Eslamian, A. Borzabadi‒ Farahani, N. Mosavia, A. Ghasemi, A comparative study of shear bond strength between metal and ceramic brackets and artificially aged composite restorations using different surface treatments, The European Journal of Orthodontics., 2011.
V. Mirjanić, S. Čupić, V. Veselinović, Con Tec LC light‒ curing adhesive in orthodontics, Contemporary materials, Vol. II−1 (2011) 69−75.
R. J. Scougall Vilchis, S. Yamamoto,
N. Kitai, M. Hotta, K. Yamamoto, Shear bond strength of a new fluoride‒ releasing orthodontic adhesive, Dent Mater J., Vol. 26 (2007) 45‒51.
A. Vicente, L. A. Bravo, M. Romero, Influence of a nonrinse conditioner on the bond strength of brackets bonded with a resin adhesive system, Angle Orthod., Vol. 75 (2005) 400‒ 405.
M. Shinya, A. Shinya, L.V. J. Lassila,
H. Gomi, J. Varrela, P. K. Vallittu, Treated enamel surface patterns associated with five orthodontic adhesive systems ‒ Surface morphology and shear bond strength, Dent Mater J. Vol. 27 (2008) 1‒6.
M. Miyazaki, K. Hinoura, G. Honjo,
H. Onose, Effect of selfetching primer application method on enamel bond strength. Am J Dent., Vol. 15 (2002) 412‒416.
J. Vojinović, Glass-Ionomers in Dentistry, Naučna knjiga, Beograd 1986.
R. C. Casanovas de Carvalho, et al., Evaluation of shear bond strength of orthodontic resin and resin modified glass ionomer cement on bonding of metal and ceramic brackets, RSBO, Vol. 9−2 (2012) 170‒176.
J. Knox, M. L. Jones, P. Hubsch, J. Middleton, The influence of orthodontic adhesive properties on the quality of orthodontic attachment, Angle Orthod. Vol. 70−3 (2000) 241‒246.
B. G. Agha, Flowable Composite for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding (in vitro study), Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences, Vol. 1 (2012) 44‒ 50.
M. Iijima, M. Hashimoto, S. Nakagaki, T. Muguruma, N. Kohda, K. Endo, I. Mizoguchi, Bracket bond strength and cariostatic potential of an experimental resin adhesive system containing Portland cement, The Angle Orthodontist., Vol. 82−5 (2012) 900‒ 906.
K. Srivastava, T. Tikku, R. Khanna, K. Sachan, Risk factors and management of white spot lesions in orthodontics. J Orthodont Sci, Vol. 2−2 (2013) 43‒49.
C. Robinson, J. Kirkham, R. C. Shore, Dental Enamel Formation to Destruction, CRC Press 1995.
S. Chandra, et al., Textbook of Dental and Oral Histology with Embryology and MCQS, 2nd edition, 2/E. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.; 2010.
N. Harris, F. Garcia‒ Godoy, N. Christine, Primary Preventive Dentistry, 7th edition, Pearson 2007.
A Nanci, Ten Cate's Oral Histology: Development, Structure, and Function, Mosby 2004.
M. H. Ross, Kaye, W. Pawlina, Histology: a text and atlas, 5th edition, Philadelphia, London: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2006.
J. Vojinović et al., Biologija zuba, Naučna knjiga, Beograd 1990.
J. P. Simoner and J. C. Hu, Dental enamel formation and its impact on clinical dentistry, J Dent Educ., Vol. 65 (2001) 896‒905.
M. M. Ash, S. J. Nelson, Dental anatomy, physiology, and occlusion, 8th edition, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders 2003.
R. C. Melfi, K. E. Alley, Permar's oral embryology and microscopic anatomy: a textbook for students in dental hygiene, Williams & Wilkins 1996.
M. Goldberg, P. R. Garant, S. Takuma, Cell Biology of Tooth Enamel Formation, Karger 1990.
D. R. Beech, T. Jalaly, Bonding of polymers to enamel: Influence of deposits formed during etching, etching time and period of water immersion, J Dent Res., Vol. 59 (1980) 1156‒1162.
M. J. Shinchi, K. Soma, N. Nakabayashi, The effect of phosphoric acid concentration on resin tag length and bond strength of a photo‒ cured resin to acid‒ etched enamel, Dent Mater., Vol. 16 (2000) 324‒329.
B. Van Meerbeek, J. De Munck,
Y. Yoshida, S. Inoue, M. Vargas, P. Vijay, et al., Buonocore memorial lecture. Adhesion to enamel and dentin: Current status and future challenges, Oper Dent., Vol. 28 (2003) 215‒235.
N. Nakabayashi, D. H. Pashley, Chapter III. Acid Conditioning and Hybridization of Substrates. Hybridization of Dental Hard Tissues, Tokyo: Quintessence Publishing Co., Ltd. 1998, 37‒39.
M. Hannig, H. Bock, B. Bott, W. Hoth‒ Hannig, Inter‒ crystallite nanoretention of self‒ etching adhesives at enamel imaged by transmission electron microscopy, Eur J Oral Sci., Vol. 110 (2002) 464‒470.
L. R. Legler, D. H. Retief, E. L. Bradley, F. R. Denys, P. L. Sadowsky, Effects of phosphoric acid concentration and etch duration on the shear bond strength of an orthodontic bonding resin to enamel. An in vitro study, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 96 (1989) 485‒492.
W. W. Barkmeier, A. J. Gwinnett, S. E. Shaffer, Effects of reduced acid concentration and etching time on bond strength and enamel morphology, J Clin Orthod., Vol. 21 (1987) 395‒398.
B. B. Cerci, L. S. Roman, O. Guariza‒ Filho, E. S. Camargo, O. M. Tanaka, Dental enamel roughness with different acid etching times: Atomic force microscopy study, Eur J Gen Dent., Vol. 1 (2012) 187‒191.
K. A. Galil, G. Z. Wright, Acid etching patterns on buccal surfaces of permanent teeth, Pediatr Dent., Vol. 1 (1979) 230‒234.
M. F. Goes, et al., Morphological Effect of the Type, Concentration and Etching Time of Acid Solutions on Enamel and Dentin Surfaces, Braz Dent J., Vol. 9−1 (1998) 3‒ 10.
A. J. Gwinnett, A. Matsui, A study of enamel adhesives. The physical relationship between enamel and adhesive, Arch Oral Biol. Vol. 12 (1967) 1615‒1620.
A. Gardner, R. Hobson, Variations in acid‒ etch patterns with different acids and etch times, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 120 (2001) 64‒67.
B. B. Cerci, L. S. Roman, O. Guariza‒ Filho, E. S. Camargo, O. M. Tanaka, Dental enamel roughness with different acid etching times: Atomic force microscopy study, European Journal of General Dentistry, Vol. 1 (2012) 187‒191.
Đ. Mirjanić, V. Mirjanić, J. Vojinović, Uticaj agresivnog napitka na nanostrukturu gleđi zuba, Zbornik radova „Savremeni materijali“, Banja Luka 2014, 575‒585.
Đ. Mirjanić, V. Mirjanić, J. Vojinović, AFM analiza nanostrukture gleđi nakon djelovanja agresivnog napitka, Zbornik radova „Savremeni materijali“, Banja Luka 2015, 603‒617.
J. Fricker, A 12‒month clinical evalua-tion of a light activated glass ionomer cement for the direct bonding of orthodontic brackets, Am J. Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 105 (1994) 502‒505.
J. D. Eick, L. N. Johnson, J. R. Fromer, R. J. Good, A. W. Neumann, Surface topography: Its influence on wetting and adhesion in a dental adhesive system. J Dent Res., Vol. 51 (1972) 780‒788.
E. B. L. Casas, F. S. Bastos, G. C. D. Godoy, V. T. L. Buono, Enamel wear and surface roughness characterization using 3D profilometry, Tribol Int., Vol. 41 (2008) 1232‒1236.
S. Sharma, S. E. Cross, C. Hsueh, R. P. Wali, A. Z. Stieg, J. K. Gimzewski, Nanocharacterization in Dentistry, Int J Mol Sci., Vol. 11 (2010) 2523‒2545.
A. Méndez‒Vilas, J. M. Bruque, M. L. González‒Martín, Sensitivity of surface roughness parameters to changes in the density of scanning points in multi‒ scale AFM studies, Application to a biomaterial surface. Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 107 (2007) 617‒625.
A. P. Guerrero, O. F. Guariza, O. Tanaka, E. S. Camargo, S. Viera Evaluation of fric¬tional forces between ceramic brac¬kets and archwires of different alloys com¬pared with metal brackets, Brazili¬an Oral Research, Vol. 24−1 (2010) 40−45.
R. L. Leenen, A. M. Kuijpers‒Jagtman, B. A. Jagtman, C. Katsaros, Nickel allergy and orthodontics. Afdeling Or¬tho-dontie en Orale Biologie, Univer¬sitair Medisch Centrum St Radboud, Nijm¬eg¬en. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. Vol. 116−4 (2009) 171‒180.
M. C. G. Pan¬tuzo, E. G. Zenóbio, H. A. Marigo, M. A. F. Zenóbio, Hypersensiti¬vity to conventional and to nickel‒ free ortho¬dontic brackets, Brazilian Oral Re¬¬search, Vol. 21−4 (2007).
U. K. Gursoy, O. Sokucu, V. J. Uitto, A. Aydin, S. Demirer, H. Toker, O. Erdem, A. Sayal, The role of nickel accumulation and epithelial cell proliferation in orthodontic treatment‒ in¬duced gingival overgrowth, European Journal of Orthodontics, Vol. 29−6 (2007) 555‒558.
R. Fors, M. Per¬sson, Nickel in dental plaque and saliva in patients with and without orthodontic appliances, The European Journal of Orthodontics, Vol. 28−3 (2006) 292‒ 297.
R. J. S. Vilchis, S. Yamamoto, N. Kitai, K. Yamamoto, Shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded with different self‒ etching adhesives, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop., Vol. 135 (2009) 425‒430.
S. Bishara, A. W. Otsby, R. Ajlouni,
J. Laffoon, J. J. Warren, A new premixed self‒ etch adhesive for bonding orthodontic brackets, Angle Orthod., Vol. 78−6 (2008) 1101−1104.
I. Shammaa, P. Ngan, H. Kim, E. Kao, M. Gladwin, E. Gunel, C. Brown, Comparison of bracket debonding force between two conventional resin adhesives and a resin‒ reinforced glass ionomer cement: An in vitro and in vivo study, The Angle Orthodontist., Vol. 69−5 (1999) 463−469.
E. Marković, B. Glišić, I. Šćepan,
D. Marković, V. Jokanović, Bond strength of orthodontic adhesives, Journal of Metallurgy, Vol. 14−2 (2009) 73−88.
L. Eslamian, A. Borzabadi‒ Farahani, N. Mosavia, A. Ghasemi, A comparative study of shear bond strength between metal and ceramic brackets and artificially aged composite restorations using different surface treatments, The European Journal of Orthodontics., 2011.
V. Mirjanić, S. Čupić, V. Veselinović, Con Tec LC light‒ curing adhesive in orthodontics, Contemporary materials, Vol. II−1 (2011) 69−75.
R. J. Scougall Vilchis, S. Yamamoto,
N. Kitai, M. Hotta, K. Yamamoto, Shear bond strength of a new fluoride‒ releasing orthodontic adhesive, Dent Mater J., Vol. 26 (2007) 45‒51.
A. Vicente, L. A. Bravo, M. Romero, Influence of a nonrinse conditioner on the bond strength of brackets bonded with a resin adhesive system, Angle Orthod., Vol. 75 (2005) 400‒ 405.
M. Shinya, A. Shinya, L.V. J. Lassila,
H. Gomi, J. Varrela, P. K. Vallittu, Treated enamel surface patterns associated with five orthodontic adhesive systems ‒ Surface morphology and shear bond strength, Dent Mater J. Vol. 27 (2008) 1‒6.
M. Miyazaki, K. Hinoura, G. Honjo,
H. Onose, Effect of selfetching primer application method on enamel bond strength. Am J Dent., Vol. 15 (2002) 412‒416.
J. Vojinović, Glass-Ionomers in Dentistry, Naučna knjiga, Beograd 1986.
R. C. Casanovas de Carvalho, et al., Evaluation of shear bond strength of orthodontic resin and resin modified glass ionomer cement on bonding of metal and ceramic brackets, RSBO, Vol. 9−2 (2012) 170‒176.
J. Knox, M. L. Jones, P. Hubsch, J. Middleton, The influence of orthodontic adhesive properties on the quality of orthodontic attachment, Angle Orthod. Vol. 70−3 (2000) 241‒246.
B. G. Agha, Flowable Composite for Orthodontic Bracket Bonding (in vitro study), Tikrit Journal for Dental Sciences, Vol. 1 (2012) 44‒ 50.
M. Iijima, M. Hashimoto, S. Nakagaki, T. Muguruma, N. Kohda, K. Endo, I. Mizoguchi, Bracket bond strength and cariostatic potential of an experimental resin adhesive system containing Portland cement, The Angle Orthodontist., Vol. 82−5 (2012) 900‒ 906.
K. Srivastava, T. Tikku, R. Khanna, K. Sachan, Risk factors and management of white spot lesions in orthodontics. J Orthodont Sci, Vol. 2−2 (2013) 43‒49.
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