THE RESIDUAL MONOMER IN DENTAL ACRYLIC RESIN AND ITS ADVERSE EFFECTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7251/COMEN1301084IAbstract
Acrylic based resins are frequently used in daily dental practice. The most common use of the materials includes denture bases and denture liners, temporary crowns and orthodontic appliances. In the mouth, properties and functional efficiency of applied acrylic resins depend on internal factors related to the methods and conditions of polymerization and on external factors that are related to the environment in which the material is placed. Residual monomer, which is released as a result of interaction of both sets of factors is often associated with irritation, inflammatory and allergic reactions of oral mucosa. The aim of this paper is to review literature dealing with the conditions of polymerization and biodegradation of acrylic resins under certain conditions in the oral cavity and their impact on oral health (reviewed literature available on Medline database during the past two decades.)
Conclusion: Methods and conditions of acrylate polymerization, on the one hand, and properties of saliva, chewing and the presence of microorganisms in the oral cavity, on the other hand, can be considered responsible for the release of residual monomers.
Clinically significant events followed by redness and erosion of the oral mucosa, burning sensation and burning mucosa and tongue, may be due to the effects of released, potentially cytotoxic, residual monomers.
References
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[22] P. K. Vallittu, I. E. Ruyter, and S. Buykuilmaz, Effect of polymerization temperature and time on the residual monomer content of denture base polymers, European Journal of Oral Sciences, Vol.106 (1998) 588−593.
[23] S. O. Ata, and H. Yavuzyilmaz, In vitro comparison of the cytotoxicity of acetal resin, heat-polymerized resin, and auto-polymerized resin as denture base materials, Journal of Biomedical Mate-rials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 91 (2009) 905–909.
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[28] G. S. Schuster, C. A. Lefebvre, T. R. Dirksen, K. L. Knoernschild, and G. B. Caughman, Relationships between denture base resin cytotoxicity and cell lipid metabolism, The International Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol. 8 (1995) 580−586.
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[30] J. P. Santerre, L. Shajii, and B. W. Leung, Relation of dental composite formulations to their degradation and the release of hydrolyzed polymeric-resin-derived products, Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, Vol. 12 (2001) 136–151.
[31] A. Faltermeier, M. Rosentritt and D.Müssig, Acrylic removable appliances: Comparative evaluation of different postpolymerization methods, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vol. 131 (2007) e16–22.
[32] T. Kawahara, Y. Nomura, N.Tanaka, W. Teshima, M. Okazaki, and H. Shintani, Leachability of plasticizer and residual monomer from commercial temporary restorative resins, Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 32 (2004) 277–283.
[33] J. L Ferracane, Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks. Dental Ma-terials, Vol. 22. (2006) 211–222.
[34] Y. Finer, and J. P. Santerre, Salivary esterase activity and its association with the biode-gradation of dental composites, Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 83 (2004) 22–26.
[35] B. A. Lin, F. Jaffer, M. D. Duff, Y. W. Tang, and J. P. Santerre, Identifying enzyme activities within human saliva which are relevant to dental resin composite biodegradation, Biomaterials, Vol. 26 (2005) 4259–4264.
[36] B. Willershausen, A. Callaway, C. P. Ernst, and E. Stender, The influence of oral bacteria on the surfaces of resin-based dental restorative materials: an in vitro study, International Dental Journal, Vol. 49 (1999) 231–239.
[37] C. M. Bollen, P. Lambrechts, and M. Quirynen, Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: a review of the literature. Dental Materials, Vol. 13 (1997)258−269.
[38] M. Quirynen, M. Marechal, H. J. Busscher, A. H. Weerkamp, P. L. Darius, and D. van Steenberghe, The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation. An in vivo study in man, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Vol. 17 (1990) 138−144.
[39] T. D. Morgan, and M. Wilson, The effects of surface roughness and type of denture acrylic on biofilm formation by Streptococcus oralis in constant depth film fermentor, Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 91 (2001) 47−53.
[40] J. L. Drummond, Degradation, fatigue and failure of resin dental composite materials, Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 87 (2008) 710–719.
[41] N. J. A. Jepson, J. T. McGill, and J. F. McCabe, Influence of dietary simulating solvents on the viscoelasticity of temporary soft lining materials, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 83 (2000) 25–31.
[42] A. F. Boeckler, D. Morton, S. Poser, and K. E. Dette, Release of dibenzoyl peroxide from polymethyl methacrylate denture base resins: an in vitro evaluation, Dental Materials, Vol. 24 (2008) 1602–1607.
[43] H. Tsuchiya, Y. Hoshino, K. Tajima, and N. Takagi, Leaching and cytotoxicity of formaldehyde and methyl methacrylate from acrylic resin denture base materials, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 71 (1994) 618–624.
[44] D. Koutis, and S. Freeman. Allergic contact stomatitis caused by acrylic monomer in a denture, Australasian Journal of Dermatology, Vol. 42 (2001) 203−206.
[45] D. P. Ruiz-Genao, M. J. Moreno de Vega, J. Sanchez-Perez, and A. Garcia-Diez, Labial edema due to an acrylic dental prosthesis, Contact Dermatitis, Vol.48 (2003) 273-274.
[46] F. M. Huang, K. W. Tai, C. C. Hu, and Y. C. Chang, Cytotoxic effects of denture base materials on a permanent human oral epithelial cell line and on primary human oral fibroblasts in vitro, The International Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol.14 (2001) 439–443.
[47] A. Bettencourt, A. Fernandes, N.Oliveira, J. Monteiro, A. Calado, and M. Castro, Evaluation of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by acrylic bone cement in Raw 264.7 macrophages, Free Radical Biology and Medicin, Vol.43. Suppl.1(2007) S44.
[2] V.M. Urban, A.L.Machado, C.E. Vergani, E.T. Giampaolo, A.C. Pavarina, F.G. Almeida, and Q.B. Cass, Effect of water-bath post-polymerization on the mechanical properties, degree of conversion, and leaching of residual compounds of hard chairside reline resins, Dental Materials, Vol.25 (2009) 662–671.
[3] F. Goldibi, and G. Asghari, The level of residual monomer in acrylic denture base materials, Research Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol.4 (2009) 244–249
[4] N.Celebi, B. Yuzugullu, S. Canay, and U. Yucel, Effect of polymerization methods on the residual monomer level of acrylic resin denture base polymers, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, Vol. 19 (2008) 201–206.
[5] A. F. Bettencourt, C. B. Neves, M. S. de Almeida, L. M. Pinheiro, S. Arantes e Oliveir, L. P. Lopes, and F. M. Castr, Biodegradation of acrylic based resins: A review. Dental Materials, Vol. 26 (2010) e171–e180.
[6] J. A. Bartoloni, D. F. Murchison, D.T. Wofford, and N. Sarkar, Degree of conversion in denture base materials for varied polymerization techniques, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, Vol. 27 ( 2000) 488–493.
[7] M. J. Azzari, M. S. Cortizo, and J. L. Alessandrini. Effect of the curing conditions on the properties of an acrylic denture base resin microwave-polymerised, Journal of Dentistry, Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 31 (2003)463– 468
[8] S. Y. Lee, Y. L. Lai, and T. S. Hsu, Influence of polymerization conditions on monomer elution and microhardness of autopolymerized polymethyl methacrylate resin, European Journal of Oral Sciences, Vol.110 (2002)179–183
[9] R. E. Ogle, S. E. Sorensen, and E. A. Lewis, A new visible light-cured resin system applied to removable prosthodontics. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 56 (1986) 497−506.
[10] J. H. Jorge, E. T. Giampaolo, A. L. Machado, and C. E. Vergani, Cytotoxicity of denture base acrylic resins: A literature review, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 90 (2003) 190−193.
[11] C. Bural, E. Aktas, G. Denis, Y. Unlucerci, N. Kizilcan, and G. Bayraktar, Effect of post-polymerization heat-treatments on degree of conversion, leaching residual MMA and in vitro cytotoxicity of autopolymerizing acrylic repair resin, Dental Materials, Vol. 27 (2011) 1135–1143
[12] C. Bural, E. Aktas, G. Denis, Y. Unlucerci, and G. Bayraktar, Effect of leaching residual methyl methacrylate concentrations on in vitro cytotoxicity of heat polymerized denture base acrylic resin processed with different polymerization cycles, Journal of Applied Oral Science, Vol. 19−4 (2011) 306−312.
[13] C. de Andrade Lima Chaves, A. L. Machado, C. E. Vergani, R. F. de Souza, and E. T. Giampaolo, Cytotoxicity of denture base and hard chairsidereline materials: A systematic review, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 107 (2012) 114−127.
[14] A. Zissis, S. Yannikakis, G. Polyzois, and A. Harrison, A long term study on residual monomer release from denture materials, The European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry, Vol. 16 (2008) 81−84.
[15] T. S. Goncalves, L. M. de Menezes, and L. E. Silva, Residual monomer of autopolymerized acrylic resin according to different manipulation and polishing methods. An in situ evaluation, The Angle Orthodontist, Vol. 78 (2008) 722−727.
[16] T. S. Goncalves, M. A. Morganti, L.C. Campos, S. M. Rizzatto, and L. M. Menezes, Allergy to auto polymerized acrylic resin in an orthodontic patient, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vol. 129 (2006) 431–435.
[17] T .Lunder, and M. Rogl-Butina, Chronic urticaria from an acrylic dental prosthesis, Contact Dermatitis , Vol, 43 (2000) 232–233.
[18] N. Martin, H. K. Bell, L. P. Longman, and C. M. King, Orofacial reaction to methacrylates in dental materials: a clinical report, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 90 (2003) 225–227.
[19] U. Kedjarune, N. Charoenworaluk and S. Koontongkaew, Release of methyl methacrylate from heat-cured and autopolymerized resins: cytotoxicity testing related to residual monomer, Aus-tralian Dental Journal, Vol. 44 (1999) 25−30.
[20] P. J. Sheridan, S. Koka, N. O. Ewoldsen, C. A. Lefebvre, and M. T. Lavin, Cytotoxicity of denture base resins. The International Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol 10 (1997) 73−77.
[21] A. Harrison, and R. Huggett, Effect of the curing cycle on residual monomer levels of acrylic resin denture base polymers, Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 20 (1992) 370−374
[22] P. K. Vallittu, I. E. Ruyter, and S. Buykuilmaz, Effect of polymerization temperature and time on the residual monomer content of denture base polymers, European Journal of Oral Sciences, Vol.106 (1998) 588−593.
[23] S. O. Ata, and H. Yavuzyilmaz, In vitro comparison of the cytotoxicity of acetal resin, heat-polymerized resin, and auto-polymerized resin as denture base materials, Journal of Biomedical Mate-rials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, Vol. 91 (2009) 905–909.
[24] M. R. Cimpan, L. I. Cressey, N. Skaug, A. Halstensen , S. A. Lie, and B. T. Gjertsen, Pat-terns of cell death induced by eluates from denture base acrylic resins in U-937 human monoblastoid cells. European Journal of Oral Sciences, Vol. 108 (2000) 59−69.
[25] V. Blagojević, and V. M. Murphy, Microwave polymerization of denture base materials. A comparative study, Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, Vol. 26 (1999) 804−808.
[26] M. J. Azzarri, M. S. Cortizoa, and J. L. Alessandrini, Effect of the curing conditions on the properties of an acrylic denture base resin microwave-polymerised, Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 31 (2003) 463–468.
[27] D. J. Barron, G. S. Schuster, G. B. Caughman, and C. A. Lefebvre, Biocompatibility of visible light-polymerized denture base resins, The International Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol.6 (1993) 495−501.
[28] G. S. Schuster, C. A. Lefebvre, T. R. Dirksen, K. L. Knoernschild, and G. B. Caughman, Relationships between denture base resin cytotoxicity and cell lipid metabolism, The International Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol. 8 (1995) 580−586.
[29] C. A. Lefebvre, G. S. Schuster, G. B. Caughman, and W. F. Caughman, Effects of denture base resins on oral epithelial cells, The International Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol. 4 (1991) 371−376.
[30] J. P. Santerre, L. Shajii, and B. W. Leung, Relation of dental composite formulations to their degradation and the release of hydrolyzed polymeric-resin-derived products, Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, Vol. 12 (2001) 136–151.
[31] A. Faltermeier, M. Rosentritt and D.Müssig, Acrylic removable appliances: Comparative evaluation of different postpolymerization methods, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Vol. 131 (2007) e16–22.
[32] T. Kawahara, Y. Nomura, N.Tanaka, W. Teshima, M. Okazaki, and H. Shintani, Leachability of plasticizer and residual monomer from commercial temporary restorative resins, Journal of Dentistry, Vol. 32 (2004) 277–283.
[33] J. L Ferracane, Hygroscopic and hydrolytic effects in dental polymer networks. Dental Ma-terials, Vol. 22. (2006) 211–222.
[34] Y. Finer, and J. P. Santerre, Salivary esterase activity and its association with the biode-gradation of dental composites, Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 83 (2004) 22–26.
[35] B. A. Lin, F. Jaffer, M. D. Duff, Y. W. Tang, and J. P. Santerre, Identifying enzyme activities within human saliva which are relevant to dental resin composite biodegradation, Biomaterials, Vol. 26 (2005) 4259–4264.
[36] B. Willershausen, A. Callaway, C. P. Ernst, and E. Stender, The influence of oral bacteria on the surfaces of resin-based dental restorative materials: an in vitro study, International Dental Journal, Vol. 49 (1999) 231–239.
[37] C. M. Bollen, P. Lambrechts, and M. Quirynen, Comparison of surface roughness of oral hard materials to the threshold surface roughness for bacterial plaque retention: a review of the literature. Dental Materials, Vol. 13 (1997)258−269.
[38] M. Quirynen, M. Marechal, H. J. Busscher, A. H. Weerkamp, P. L. Darius, and D. van Steenberghe, The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation. An in vivo study in man, Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Vol. 17 (1990) 138−144.
[39] T. D. Morgan, and M. Wilson, The effects of surface roughness and type of denture acrylic on biofilm formation by Streptococcus oralis in constant depth film fermentor, Journal of Applied Microbiology, Vol. 91 (2001) 47−53.
[40] J. L. Drummond, Degradation, fatigue and failure of resin dental composite materials, Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 87 (2008) 710–719.
[41] N. J. A. Jepson, J. T. McGill, and J. F. McCabe, Influence of dietary simulating solvents on the viscoelasticity of temporary soft lining materials, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 83 (2000) 25–31.
[42] A. F. Boeckler, D. Morton, S. Poser, and K. E. Dette, Release of dibenzoyl peroxide from polymethyl methacrylate denture base resins: an in vitro evaluation, Dental Materials, Vol. 24 (2008) 1602–1607.
[43] H. Tsuchiya, Y. Hoshino, K. Tajima, and N. Takagi, Leaching and cytotoxicity of formaldehyde and methyl methacrylate from acrylic resin denture base materials, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, Vol. 71 (1994) 618–624.
[44] D. Koutis, and S. Freeman. Allergic contact stomatitis caused by acrylic monomer in a denture, Australasian Journal of Dermatology, Vol. 42 (2001) 203−206.
[45] D. P. Ruiz-Genao, M. J. Moreno de Vega, J. Sanchez-Perez, and A. Garcia-Diez, Labial edema due to an acrylic dental prosthesis, Contact Dermatitis, Vol.48 (2003) 273-274.
[46] F. M. Huang, K. W. Tai, C. C. Hu, and Y. C. Chang, Cytotoxic effects of denture base materials on a permanent human oral epithelial cell line and on primary human oral fibroblasts in vitro, The International Journal of Prosthodontics, Vol.14 (2001) 439–443.
[47] A. Bettencourt, A. Fernandes, N.Oliveira, J. Monteiro, A. Calado, and M. Castro, Evaluation of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by acrylic bone cement in Raw 264.7 macrophages, Free Radical Biology and Medicin, Vol.43. Suppl.1(2007) S44.
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