Genetically Predisposed Physical Characteristics and Performance Factors in Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Genetic predispositions, along with a supportive social environment, personal motivation, perseverance, dedication, and susceptibility to injuries, all play a role in shaping sports performance and success. In this study, physical characteristics (height, weight, body mass index - BMI) were compared between active males and females in three sports disciplines (field and track athletics, football, and basketball) and inactive control goup. Research on the correlation between genetically predisposed physical characteristics and success in sports activities was conducted through a survey at sports clubs in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina. A total of 118 respondents (63 female and 55 male) answered the 16-question questionnaire. The highest were male basketball players, with an average height 13 cm higher than the average male height in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Average BMI was 23.16±3.14, 23.99±1.82, and 23.61±1.14 for male athletes, football players, and basketball players, respectively. In the female group, the BMIs were 20.8±2.07, 20.76±2.36, and 22.175±2.25 for athletics, football, and basketball, respectively. The control group had a BMI of 25.59±3.81 for males and 21.74±2.4 for females. Endurance is the main quality declared by athletes who practice long-term sports, while strength is the main quality in athletes who are active in short-term disciplines. The highest rate of injuries was noted among female football players at 92%. The most frequent injury was injury to the meniscus, tendons, and hamstrings. A positive family history of sports activity showed a significant influence on sports success. Every sport brings numerous health benefits in the form of better immune resistance, maintenance of body mass index (BMI), mental and psychological stability, self-confidence, better social contacts, and more.