Impact of a Pharmacist-Led Multidimensional Advisory Intervention on Cardiometabolic Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Abstract

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major public health challenge, particularly in settings where pharmacists remain primarily dispensing-oriented. This study evaluated the impact of a pharmacist-led multidimensional advisory intervention on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with T2DM. Methodology: A quasi-experimental study with control and intervention groups was conducted in a community pharmacy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Forty adult patients were allocated to usual care (n=20) or a four-month pharmacist-led programme including nutrition education, lifestyle counselling, physical activity, and continuous support (n=20). Body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and blood pressure were measured at baseline and follow-up, while HbA1c was assessed in the intervention group, limiting between-group comparisons. Results: Significant reductions in BMI (p=0.002), FBG (p=0.026), and HbA1c (p=0.001) were observed in the intervention group, whereas no significant improvements were detected in the control group. Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary evidence that pharmacist-led advisory interventions may improve metabolic control in patients with T2DM.