High-Protein Sports Snack Formulations and Their Impact on Muscle Strength and Musculoskeletal Health: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Optimal muscle strength is crucial for athletic performance, and adequate protein intake plays a crucial role in supporting muscle synthesis and increasing muscle strength. This systematic literature review aims to analyze the scientific evidence regarding the development of high-protein formulations (sports snack bars) and their impact on muscle strength in athletes. This review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines by searching scientific databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct from 2019. The keywords used were “sports snack,” “high-protein formulation,” “muscle strength,” and “athlete nutrition.” Inclusion criteria were experimental studies involving athletes consuming protein-based (sports snack bars), with outcomes measuring muscle strength. Results: A total of 18 eligible studies were identified. The majority of formulations used whey protein, soy isolate, casein, or plant proteins enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and functional ingredients such as creatine and omega-3 fatty acids. Some studies reported significant increases in muscle strength (6–15%) after 4–8 weeks of consumption. Formulations containing ≥20 g of protein per serving and a balanced carbohydrate-to-protein ratio were consistently associated with increased muscle power output, reduced muscle fatigue, and improved recovery markers. Conclusion: High-protein sports snack formulations show substantial potential to increase muscle strength in athletes when optimized with high-biological-value protein sources and functional bioactive compounds. Further research is recommended to develop standardized formulations tailored to specific athletic needs and training phases.